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context wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 in linguistics 2 in linguistic anthropology toggle in linguistic anthropology subsection 2 1 high context and low context cultures 3 in natural language processing 4 in formal language theory 5 contextual variables 6 see also 7 references 8 further reading toggle the table of contents context 51 languages العربية asturianu беларуская български català čeština dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti فارسی suomi français עברית magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 jawa қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ 한국어 кыргызча lietuvių latviešu minangkabau монгол bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål polski português română русский simple english slovenčina shqip српски srpski svenska ไทย türkçe татарча tatarça українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from context language use non language factors that enhance understanding of communication for other uses see context disambiguation focal event redirects here for focal seizural events see focal seizure semantics linguistic logical subfields cognitive computational lexical lexis lexicology statistical structural topics analysis compositionality context prototype theory force dynamics polysemy semantic change semantic feature semantic field semantic gap syntax semantics interface theory of descriptions truth conditional semantics analysis latent computational machine learning applications desktop file system matching parsing querying web wiki similarity semantics of programming languages types action algebraic axiomatic categorical concurrency denotational game operational predicate transformational theory abstract interpretation abstract semantic graph language linguistics v t e in semiotics linguistics sociology and anthropology context refers to those objects or entities which surround a focal event in these disciplines typically a communicative event of some kind context is a frame that surrounds the event and provides resources for its appropriate interpretation 1 2 3 it is thus a relative concept only definable with respect to some focal event within a frame not independently of that frame in linguistics edit in the 19th century it was debated whether the most fundamental principle in language was contextuality or compositionality and compositionality was usually preferred 2 verbal context refers to the text or speech surrounding an expression word sentence or speech act verbal context influences the way an expression is understood hence the norm of not citing people out of context since much contemporary linguistics takes texts discourses or conversations as the object of analysis the modern study of verbal context takes place in terms of the analysis of discourse structures and their mutual relationships for instance the coherence relation between sentences neurolinguistic analysis of context has shown that the interaction between interlocutors defined as parsers creates a reaction in the brain that reflects predictive and interpretative reactions it can be said then that mutual knowledge co text genre speakers hearers create a neurolinguistic composition of context 3 traditionally in sociolinguistics social contexts were defined in terms of objective social variables such as those of class gender age or race more recently social contexts tend to be defined in terms of the social identity being construed and displayed in text and talk by language users citation needed the influence of context parameters on language use or discourse is usually studied in terms of language variation style or register see stylistics the basic assumption here is that language users adapt the properties of their language use such as intonation lexical choice syntax and other aspects of formulation to the current communicative situation in this sense language use or discourse may be called more or less appropriate in a given context citation needed in linguistic anthropology edit in the theory of sign phenomena adapted from that of charles sanders peirce which forms the basis for much contemporary work in linguistic anthropology the concept of context is integral to the definition of the index one of the three classes of signs comprising peirce s second trichotomy an index is a sign which signifies by virtue of pointing to some component in its context or in other words an indexical sign is related to its object by virtue of their co occurrence within some kind of contextual frame 4 high context and low context cultures edit this section is an excerpt from high context and low context cultures edit cross cultural studies topics cross cultural studies guilt shame fear spectrum high low trust societies regality theory cultural values world values survey inglehart welzel cultural map hofstede s cultural dimensions theory high low context cultures v t e in anthropology high context and low context cultures are ends of a continuum of how explicit the messages exchanged in a culture are and how important the context is in communication the distinction between cultures with high and low contexts is intended to draw attention to variations in both spoken and non spoken forms of communication 5 the continuum pictures how people communicate with others through their range of communication abilities utilizing gestures relations body language verbal messages or non verbal messages 6 high and low context cultures typically refer to language groups nationalities or regional communities however the concept may also apply to corporations professions and other cultural groups as well as to settings such as online and offline communication 7 high context cultures often exhibit less direct verbal and nonverbal communication utilizing small communication gestures and reading more meaning into these less direct messages 8 low context cultures do the opposite direct verbal communication is needed to properly understand a message being communicated and relies heavily on explicit verbal skills 9 the model of high context and low context cultures offers a popular framework in intercultural communication studies but has been criticized as lacking empirical validation 10 in natural language processing edit in word sense disambiguation the meanings of words are inferred from the context where they occur 11 in formal language theory edit this section is an excerpt from context sensitive language edit in formal language theory a context sensitive language is a formal language that can be defined by a context sensitive grammar where the applicability of a production rule may depend on the surrounding context of symbols unlike context free grammars which can apply rules regardless of context context sensitive grammars allow rules to be applied only when specific neighboring symbols are present enabling them to express dependencies and agreements between distant parts of a string these languages correspond to type 1 languages in the chomsky hierarchy and are equivalently defined by noncontracting grammars grammars where production rules never decrease the total length of a string context sensitive languages can model natural language phenomena such as subject verb agreement cross serial dependencies and other complex syntactic relationships that cannot be captured by simpler grammar types citation needed making them important for computational linguistics and natural language processing contextual variables edit communicative systems presuppose contexts that are structured in terms of particular physical and communicative dimensions for instance time location and communicative role citation needed see also edit aberrant decoding context principle conversational scoreboard deixis opaque context references edit goodwin charles duranti alessandro eds 1992 rethinking context an introduction pdf rethinking context language as an interactive phenomenon cambridge cambridge university press pp 1 42 archived from the original pdf on march 12 2003 retrieved february 19 2017 janssen t m 2012 compositionality its historic context in m werning w hinzen e machery eds the oxford handbook of compositionality pp 19 46 oxford university press finkbeiner rita meibauer jörg schumacher petra b 2012 what is a context linguistic approaches and challenges john benjamins publishing isbn 978 9027255792 silverstein michael 1992 the indeterminacy of contextualization when is enough enough in auer peter di luzio aldo eds the contextualization of language amsterdam john benjamins publishing company pp 55 76 isbn 978 9027250346 retrieved february 19 2017 communicating in high context vs low context cultures united language group retrieved 2024 03 07 ramos d c 2014 high context pdf in thompson s ed encyclopedia of diversity and social justice lanham md rowman littlefield archived from the original pdf on 2023 04 06 via credo reference wurtz elizabeth november 2005 intercultural communication on web sites a cross cultural analysis of web sites from high context cultures and low context cultures journal of computer mediated communication 11 1 274 299 doi 10 1111 j 1083 6101 2006 tb00313 x ramos carolina 2014 high context encyclopedia of diversity and social justice 1st ed ramos carolina 2014 low context encyclopedia of diversity and social justice 1st ed cardon peter w october 2008 a critique of hall s contexting model journal of business and technical communication 22 4 399 428 doi 10 1177 1050651908320361 s2cid 145808976 anind dey boicho kokinov david leake roy turner 24 june 2005 modeling and using context 5th international and interdisciplinary conference context 2005 paris france july 5 8 2005 proceedings springer science business media isbn 978 3 540 26924 3 further reading edit for a review of the history of the principle of contextuality in linguistics see scholtz oliver robert 1999 verstehen und rationalität untersuchungen zu den grundlagen von hermeneutik und sprachphilosophie v t e formal semantics natural language central concepts compositionality denotation entailment extension generalized quantifier intension logical form presupposition proposition reference scope speech act syntax semantics interface truth conditions topics areas anaphora ambiguity binding conditionals definiteness disjunction evidentiality focus indexicality lexical semantics modality negation propositional attitudes tense aspect mood quantification vagueness phenomena antecedent contained deletion cataphora coercion conservativity counterfactuals crossover effects cumulativity de dicto and de re de se deontic modality discourse relations donkey anaphora epistemic modality exhaustivity faultless disagreement free choice inferences givenness homogeneity linguistics hurford disjunction inalienable possession intersective modification logophoricity mirativity modal subordination opaque contexts performatives polarity items privative adjectives quantificational variability effect responsive predicate rising declaratives scalar implicature sloppy identity subsective modification subtrigging telicity temperature paradox veridicality formalism formal systems alternative semantics categorial grammar combinatory categorial grammar discourse representation theory drt dynamic semantics generative grammar glue semantics inquisitive semantics intensional logic lambda calculus mereology montague grammar segmented discourse representation theory sdrt situation semantics supervaluationism type theory ttr concepts autonomy of syntax context set continuation conversational scoreboard downward entailing existential closure function application meaning postulate monads plural quantification possible world quantifier raising quantization question under discussion semantic parsing squiggle operator strawson entailment strict conditional type shifter universal grinder see also cognitive semantics computational semantics distributional semantics formal grammar inferentialism logic translation linguistics wars philosophy of language pragmatics semantics of logic authority control databases national united states czech republic israel other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title context oldid 1374395434 categories sociolinguistics discourse analysis pragmatics hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from october 2024 articles with excerpts articles with unsourced statements from december 2019 this page was last edited on 11 september 2026 at 20 23 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents context 51 languages add topic