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ion uno under the leadership of adolfo calero arturo cruz and alfonso robelo each of whom opposed the sandinista revolution after uno s dissolution early in 1987 the nicaraguan resistance rn was organized along similar lines in may u s military and financial assistance edit see also cia activities in nicaragua united states involvement in regime change 19th century 1893 overthrow of the hawaiian kingdom 1898 1902 occupation of cuba 1898 1899 occupation of the philippines puerto rico and guam 20th century 1901 1959 1903 separation of panama from colombia 1906 1909 occupation of cuba 1912 1933 occupation of nicaragua 1913 ten tragic days 1914 occupation of veracruz 1915 1934 occupation of haiti 1916 1924 occupation of the dominican republic 1945 1949 american occupation zone in germany 1945 1955 american occupation zone in austria 1945 1952 occupation of japan 1945 1948 occupation of korea 1953 iranian coup d état 1954 guatemalan coup d état 1956 57 regime change attempts in syria 1958 failed coup attempt in indonesia 20th century 1960 2000 1960 1965 involvement in the congo crisis 1960 laotian counter coup by phoumi nosavan 1961 bay of pigs invasion 1961 operation mongoose in cuba 1963 south vietnamese coup d état 1964 brazilian coup d état 1964 ousting of cheddi jagan in british guiana 1965 1966 occupation of the dominican republic 1965 66 transition to the new order in indonesia 1971 bolivian coup d état 1973 chilean coup d état 1975 1992 support for unita in angola 1979 1992 support for the afghan mujahideen in afghanistan 1981 1990 support for the contras in nicaragua 1983 invasion of grenada 1989 invasion of panama 1994 1995 occupation of haiti 1990s iraq failed coup d état 2000 overthrow of slobodan milošević 21st century 2001 invasion of afghanistan 2003 invasion of iraq 2004 haitian coup d état 2011 involvement in the libyan civil war 2012 2017 involvement in the syrian civil war greenland crisis 2026 united states intervention in venezuela 2026 cuban crisis 2026 iran war regime change efforts v t e in front of the international court of justice the nicaraguan government claimed that the contras were altogether a creation of the u s 37 this claim was rejected 37 but the evidence of a very close relationship between the contras and the united states was considered overwhelming and incontrovertible 38 the u s played a very large role in financing training arming and advising the contras over a long period and it is unlikely that the contras would have been capable of carrying out significant military operations without this support given the large amount of training and weapons shipments that the sandinistas had received from cuba and the soviet union 39 political background edit see also reagan doctrine and history of nicaragua 1979 1990 the u s government viewed the leftist sandinistas as a threat to economic interests of american corporations in nicaragua and to national security u s president ronald reagan stated in 1983 that the defense of the usa s southern frontier was at stake 40 in spite of the sandinista victory being declared fair the united states continued to oppose the left wing nicaraguan government 41 42 and opposed its ties to cuba and the soviet union 43 44 ronald reagan who had assumed the american presidency in january 1981 accused the sandinistas of importing cuban style socialism and aiding leftist guerrillas in el salvador 45 the reagan administration continued to view the sandinistas as undemocratic despite the 1984 nicaraguan elections being generally declared fair by foreign observers 46 41 47 throughout the 1980s the sandinista government was regarded as partly free by freedom house an organization financed by the u s government 48 u s president ronald reagan and vice president george bush in 1984 under the reagan doctrine the reagan administration provided overt and covert assistance to the contras on 4 january 1982 reagan signed the top secret national security decision directive 17 nsdd 17 45 giving the cia the authority to recruit and support the contras with 19 million in military aid the effort to support the contras was one component of the reagan doctrine which called for providing military support to movements opposing soviet supported communist governments by december 1981 the united states had already begun to support armed opponents of the sandinista government from the beginning the cia was in charge 49 the arming clothing feeding and supervision of the contras 50 became the most ambitious paramilitary and political action operation mounted by the agency in nearly a decade 51 in the fiscal year 1984 the u s congress approved 24 million in aid to the contras 50 after this since the contras failed to win widespread popular support or military victories within nicaragua 50 opinion polls indicated that a majority of the u s public was not supportive of the contras 52 the reagan administration lost much of its support regarding its contra policy within congress after disclosure of cia mining of nicaraguan ports 53 and a report of the bureau of intelligence and research commissioned by the state department found reagan s allegations about soviet influence in nicaragua exaggerated 54 congress cut off all funds for the contras in 1985 by the third boland amendment 50 the boland amendment had first been passed by congress in december 1982 at this time it only outlawed u s assistance to the contras for the purpose of overthrowing the nicaraguan government while allowing assistance for other purposes 55 in october 1984 it was amended to forbid action by not only the defense department and the central intelligence agency but all u s government agencies nevertheless the case for support of the contras continued to be made in washington d c by both the reagan administration and the heritage foundation which argued that support for the contras would counter soviet influence in nicaragua 56 57 on 1 may 1985 president reagan announced that his administration perceived nicaragua to be an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the united states and declared a national emergency and a trade embargo against nicaragua to deal with that threat 58 it is now a given it is true the washington post declared in 1986 the sandinistas are communists of the cuban or soviet school that the reagan administration is right to take nicaragua as a serious menace to civil peace and democracy in nicaragua and to the stability and security of the region that we must fit nicaragua back into a central american mode and turn nicaragua back toward democracy and with the latin american democracies demand reasonable conduct by regional standard 59 soon after the embargo was established managua re declared a policy of nonalignment and sought the aid of western europe who were opposed to u s policy to escape dependency on the soviet union 60 since 1981 u s pressures had curtailed western credit to and trade with nicaragua forcing the government to rely almost totally on the eastern bloc for credit other aid and trade by 1985 61 in his 1997 study on u s low intensity warfare kermit d johnson a former chief of the u s army chaplains contends that u s hostility toward the revolutionary government was motivated not by any concern for national security but rather by what the world relief organization oxfam termed the threat of a good example it was alarming that in just a few months after the sandinista revolution nicaragua received international acclaim for its rapid progress in the fields of literacy and health it was alarming that a socialist mixed economy state could do in a few short months what the somoza dynasty a u s client state could not do in 45 years it was truly alarming that the sandinistas were intent on providing the very services that establish a government s political and moral legitimacy 62 the government s program included increased wages subsidized food prices and expanded health welfare and education services and though it nationalized somoza s former properties it preserved a private sector that accounted for between 50 and 60 percent of gdp 63 atrocities edit the united states began to support contra activities against the sandinista government by december 1981 with the cia at the forefront of operations the cia supplied the funds and the equipment coordinated training programs and provided intelligence and target lists while the contras had little military successes they did prove adept at carrying out cia guerrilla warfare strategies from training manuals which advised them to incite mob violence neutralize civilian leaders and government officials and attack soft targets the agency added to the contras sabotage efforts by blowing up refineries and pipelines and mining ports 63 64 66 finally according to former contra leader edgar chamorro cia trainers also gave contra soldiers large knives a commando knife was given and our people everybody wanted to have a knife like that to kill people to cut their throats 67 68 11 34 full citation needed in 1985 newsweek published a series of photos taken by frank wohl a conservative student admirer traveling with the contras entitled execution in the jungle the victim dug his own grave scooping the dirt out with his hands he crossed himself then a contra executioner knelt and rammed a k bar knife into his throat a second enforcer stabbed at his jugular then his abdomen when the corpse was finally still the contras threw dirt over the shallow grave and walked away 65 268 68 11 20 the cia officer in charge of the covert war duane dewey clarridge admitted to the house intelligence committee staff in a secret briefing in 1984 that the contras were routinely murdering civilians and sandinista officials in the provinces as well as heads of cooperatives nurses doctors and judges but he claimed that this did not violate president reagan s executive order prohibiting assassinations because the agency defined it as just killing after all this is war a paramilitary operation clarridge said in conclusion 69 edgar chamorro explained the rationale behind this to a u s reporter sometimes terror is very productive this is the policy to keep putting pressure until the people cry uncle 70 68 1 50 the cia manual for the contras tayacan states that the contras should gather the local population for a public tribunal to shame ridicule and humiliate sandinista officials to reduce their influence it also recommends gathering the local population to witness and take part in public executions 65 179 these types of activities continued throughout the war in april 1987 an american aid worker named benjamin linder was killed by contras after the signing of the central american peace accord in august 1987 the year war related deaths and economic destruction reached its peak the contras eventually entered negotiations with the sandinista government 1988 and the war began to deescalate 63 by 1989 the war and economic isolation had inflicted severe economic suffering on nicaraguans nicaraguans had been exhausted from the war which had cost 30 865 lives by the late 1980s nicaragua s internal conditions had changed radically a united opposition of 14 political parties organized into the national opposition union unión nacional oppositora uno with the support of the united states national endowment for democracy uno presidential nominee violeta chamorro was received by president george h w bush at the white house citation needed the contra war escalated over the year before the election the u s promised to end the economic embargo should chamorro win 71 the uno scored a decisive victory on 25 february 1990 chamorro won with 55 percent of the presidential vote as compared to daniel ortega s 41 percent of 92 seats in the national assembly uno gained 51 and the fsln won 39 on 25 april 1990 chamorro assumed presidency from ortega 71 illegal covert operations edit see also iran contra affair with congress blocking further aid to the contras the reagan administration sought to arrange funding and military supplies by means of third countries and private sources 72 between 1984 and 1986 34 million from third countries and 2 7 million from private sources were raised this way 72 the secret contra assistance was run by the national security council with officer lieutenant colonel oliver north in charge 72 with the third party funds north created an organization called the enterprise which served as the secret arm of the nsc staff and had its own airplanes pilots airfield ship operatives and secret swiss bank accounts 72 it also received assistance from personnel from other government agencies especially from cia personnel in central america 72 this operation functioned however without any of the accountability required of u s government activities 72 the enterprise s efforts culminated in the iran contra affair of 1986 1987 which facilitated contra funding through the proceeds of arms sales to iran according to the london spectator u s journalists in central america had long known that the cia was flying in supplies to the contras inside nicaragua before the scandal broke no journalist paid it any attention until the alleged cia supply man eugene hasenfus was shot down and captured by the nicaraguan army similarly reporters neglected to investigate many leads indicating that oliver north was running the contra operation from his office in the national security council 73 according to the national security archive oliver north had been in contact with manuel noriega the military leader of panama later convicted on drug charges whom he personally met the issue of drug money and its importance in funding the nicaraguan conflict was the subject of various reports and publications the contras were funded by drug trafficking of which the united states was aware 74 senator john kerry s 1988 committee on foreign relations report on contra drug links concluded that senior u s policy makers were not immune to the idea that drug money was a perfect solution to the contras funding problems 75 the reagan administration s support for the contras continued to stir controversy well into the 1990s in august 1996 san jose mercury news reporter gary webb published a series titled dark alliance alleging that the contras contributed to the rise of crack cocaine in california 76 gary webb s career as a journalist was subsequently discredited by the leading u s papers the new york times the washington post and the los angeles times an internal cia report entitled managing a nightmare shows the agency used a ground base of already productive relations with journalists to help counter what it called a genuine public relations crisis 77 in the 1980s douglas farah worked as a journalist covering the civil wars in central america for the washington post according to farah while it was common knowledge that the contras were involved in cocaine trafficking the editors of the 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