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3 some jurisdictions impose express limits on tax deductions of branches commonly limited deductions include management fees and interest nathan m jenson argues that low corporate tax rates are a minor determinate of a multinational company when setting up their headquarters in a country 64 losses edit most jurisdictions allow interperiod allocation or deduction of losses in some manner for corporations even where such deduction is not allowed for individuals a few jurisdictions allow losses usually defined as negative taxable income to be deducted by revising or amending prior year taxable income 65 most jurisdictions allow such deductions only in subsequent periods some jurisdictions impose time limitations as to when loss deductions may be utilized groups of companies edit several jurisdictions provide a mechanism whereby losses or tax credits of one corporation may be used by another corporation where both corporations are commonly controlled together a group in the united states and netherlands among others this is accomplished by filing a single tax return including the income and loss of each group member this is referred to as a consolidated return in the united states and as a fiscal unity in the netherlands in the united kingdom this is accomplished directly on a pairwise basis called group relief losses of one group member company may be surrendered to another group member company and the latter company may deduct the loss against profits the united states has extensive regulations dealing with consolidated returns 66 one such rule requires matching of income and deductions on intercompany transactions within the group by use of deferred intercompany transaction rules in addition a few systems provide a tax exemption for dividend income received by corporations the netherlands system provides a participation exception to taxation for corporations owning more than 25 of the dividend paying corporation transfer pricing edit see also transfer pricing a key issue in corporate tax is the setting of prices charged by related parties for goods services or the use of property many jurisdictions have guidelines on transfer pricing which allow tax authorities to adjust transfer prices used such adjustments may apply in both an international and a domestic context taxation of shareholders edit most income tax systems levy tax on the corporation and upon distribution of earnings dividends on the shareholder this results in a dual level of tax most systems require that income tax be withheld on distribution of dividends to foreign shareholders and some also require withholding of tax on distributions to domestic shareholders the rate of such withholding tax may be reduced for a shareholder under a tax treaty some systems tax some or all dividend income at lower rates than other income the united states has historically provided a dividends received deduction to corporations with respect to dividends from other corporations in which the recipient owns more than 10 of the shares for tax years 2004 2010 the united states also has imposed a reduced rate of taxation on dividends received by individuals 67 some systems currently attempt or in the past have attempted to integrate taxation of the corporation with taxation of shareholders to mitigate the dual level of taxation as a current example australia provides for a franking credit as a benefit to shareholders when an australian company pays a dividend to a domestic shareholder it reports the dividend as well as a notional tax credit amount the shareholder utilizes this notional credit to offset shareholder level income tax citation needed a previous system was utilised in the united kingdom called the advance corporation tax act when a company paid a dividend it was required to pay an amount of act which it then used to offset its own taxes the act was included in income by the shareholder resident in the united kingdom or certain treaty countries and treated as a payment of tax by the shareholder to the extent that deemed tax payment exceeded taxes otherwise due it was refundable to the shareholder alternative tax bases edit many jurisdictions incorporate some sort of alternative tax computation these computations may be based on assets capital wages or some alternative measure of taxable income often the alternative tax functions as a minimum tax united states federal income tax incorporates an alternative minimum tax this tax is computed at a lower tax rate 20 for corporations and imposed based on a modified version of taxable income modifications include longer depreciation lives assets under macrs adjustments related to costs of developing natural resources and an addback of certain tax exempt interest the u s state of michigan previously taxed businesses on an alternative base that did not allow compensation of employees as a tax deduction and allowed full deduction of the cost of production assets upon acquisition some jurisdictions such as swiss cantons and certain states within the united states impose taxes based on capital these may be based on total equity per audited financial statements 68 a computed amount of assets less liabilities 69 or quantity of shares outstanding 70 in some jurisdictions capital based taxes are imposed in addition to the income tax 69 in other jurisdictions the capital taxes function as alternative taxes mexico imposes an alternative tax on corporations the ietu citation needed the tax rate is lower than the regular rate and there are adjustments for salaries and wages interest and royalties and depreciable assets tax returns edit most systems require that corporations file an annual income tax return 71 some systems such as the canadian united kingdom and united states systems require that taxpayers self assess tax on the tax return 72 other systems provide that the government must make an assessment for tax to be due citation needed some systems require certification of tax returns in some manner by accountants licensed to practice in the jurisdiction often the company s auditors 73 tax returns can be fairly simple or quite complex the systems requiring simple returns often base taxable income on financial statement profits with few adjustments and may require that audited financial statements be attached to the return 74 returns for such systems generally require that the relevant financial statements be attached to a simple adjustment schedule by contrast united states corporate tax returns require both computation of taxable income from components thereof and reconciliation of taxable income to financial statement income many systems require forms or schedules supporting particular items on the main form some of these schedules may be incorporated into the main form for example the canadian corporate return form t 2 an eight page form incorporates some detail schedules but has nearly 50 additional schedules that may be required some systems have different returns for different types of corporations or corporations engaged in specialized businesses the united states has 13 variations on the basic form 1120 75 for s corporations insurance companies domestic international sales corporations foreign corporations and other entities the structure of the forms and imbedded schedules vary by type of form preparation of non simple corporate tax returns can be time consuming for example the u s internal revenue service states in the instructions for form 1120 that the average time needed to complete form is over 56 hours not including record keeping time and required attachments tax return due dates vary by jurisdiction fiscal or tax year and type of entity 76 in self assessment systems payment of taxes is generally due no later than the normal due date though advance tax payments may be required 77 canadian corporations must pay estimated taxes monthly 78 in each case final payment is due with the corporation tax return see also edit income taxes in canada corporate income taxes corporate tax in the united states united kingdom corporation tax corporation tax in the republic of ireland tax rates of europe list of countries by tax rates references edit the 2025 tax debate international taxes before and since the tax cuts and jobs act bipartisan policy center bipartisanpolicy org archived from the original on 2024 09 15 retrieved 2025 05 23 auerbach alan j january 2006 who bears the corporate tax a review of what we know tax policy and the economy 20 1 40 doi 10 1086 tpe 20 20061903 issn 0892 8649 s2cid 6156389 fuest clemens neumeier florian 2023 09 13 corporate taxation annual review of economics 15 425 450 doi 10 1146 annurev economics 082322 014747 issn 1941 1383 corporate taxation retrieved 2026 05 18 hanappi tibor millot valentine turban sébastien 2023 07 19 how does corporate taxation affect business investment evidence from aggregate and firm level data oecd economics department working papers doi 10 1787 04e682d7 en suárez serrato juan carlos zidar owen 2017 11 02 who benefits from corporate tax cuts evidence from local us labour markets microeconomic insights gordon stephen 2017 12 04 stephen gordon corporate tax cuts won t work in the u s the same way they did here national post national post international burdens of the corporate income tax pdf cbo gov liu li 2011 the economic effects of corporate income taxation phd thesis rutgers university graduate school new brunswick doi 10 7282 t3765dzr felix r alison hines r alison 2009 corporate taxes and union wages in the united states nber working paper series national bureau of economic research doi 10 3386 w15263 felix r alison 2009 do state corporate income taxes reduce wages pdf economic review 94 2 federal reserve bank of kansas city 77 102 desai mihir a foley c fritz hines james r labor and capital shares of the corporate tax burden international evidence citeseerx 10 1 1 364 4867 cite journal cite journal requires journal help cite uses deprecated parameter citeseerx help draft pdf www budget gov ie 24 september 2021 felix r alison 2007 passing the burden corporate tax incidence in open economies lis working paper series hdl 10419 95465 the incidence of corporate taxation and its implications for tax progressivity 2017 10 10 arulampalam wiji devereux michael p maffini giorgia august 2012 the direct incidence of corporate income tax on wages european economic review 56 6 1038 1054 doi 10 1016 j euroecorev 2012 03 003 s2cid 1584850 clausing kimberly a october 16 2012 who pays the corporate tax in a global economy national tax journal 66 1 ssrn 2213581 southwood ben 13 march 2014 who pays corporation tax pdf report london adam smith institute p 15 gechert sebastian heimberger philipp 2022 do corporate tax cuts boost economic growth european economic review 147 104157 doi 10 1016 j euroecorev 2022 104157 issn 0014 2921 shaxson nick 2015 03 18 new report ten reasons to defend the corporate income tax tax justice network retrieved 2026 01 14 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gov hk 1 april 2022 bartlett bruce 31 may 2011 are taxes in the u s high or low the new york times retrieved 19 september 2012 26 u s code 11 tax imposed lii legal information institute cornell university retrieved 2018 10 13 watson garrett 27 september 2022 combined state and federal corporate income tax rates in 2022 tax foundation retrieved 8 march 2023 canada revenue agency 2015 03 25 type of corporation retrieved 2018 10 13 corporation tax explained peach wilkinson accountants archived from the original on 2016 10 06 retrieved 2016 10 04 company tax rates australian taxation office 2012 07 24 archived from the original on 2013 07 09 retrieved 2012 10 08 corporation tax rates canada revenue agency 2012 04 03 retrieved 2012 10 08 corporation tax revenue ie 2008 02 04 retrieved 2012 10 08 tax rates tax exemption schemes iras 2012 02 17 retrieved 2012 10 08 hm revenue customs 1 april 2022 rates and allowances for corporation tax gov uk 26 usc 11 tax imposed lii legal information institute law cornell edu retrieved 2012 10 08 oecd ilibrary pdf organisation for economic co operation and development 15 july 2025 dead link 1 2 3 table ii 4 overall statutory tax rates on dividend income oecd corporate tax rates slashed as govt announces 1 45 lakh crore stimulus mint 20 september 2019 retrieved 20 september 2019 tax code of the russian federation part ii chapter 25 article 284 pdf singapore corporate tax guide 1 2 الإمارات العربية المتحدة وزارة المالية ministry of finance united arab emirates thomas daniel 8 october 2022 nations agree to 15 minimum corporate tax rate bbc news see e g 26 usc 61 a 7 see 26 usc 1 h 11 for the reduced rate of tax for individuals and 26 usc 243 a 1 and c for a deduction for dividends received by corporations 26 u s code 312 effect on earnings and profits lii legal information institute retrieved 2018 10 13 26 u s code 316 dividend defined lii legal information institute retrieved 2018 10 13 26 usc 351 for a discussion of u s principles see bittker eustice below chapter 3 26 usc 357 and 26 cfr 1 367 1 b example see e g 26 usc 368 defining events qualifying for reorganization treatment including certain acquisitions see 26 usc 354 for tax effect on shareholders of reorganizations as defined in 26 usc 368 26 u s code 163 interest lii legal information institute retrieved 2018 10 13 see e g 26 usc 385 contrast tax on domestic corporations under 26 usc 11 and 26 usc 63 with tax on foreign corporations under 26 usc 881 885 26 u s code 882 tax on income of foreign corporations connected with united states business lii legal information institute retrieved 2018 10 13 26 u s code 884 branch profits tax lii legal information institute retrieved 2018 10 13 for example the internal revenue service states in its publication 515 the payee of a payment made to a disregarded entity is the owner of the entity jenson nathan m sinha s s 2008 can india adopt strategic flexibility like china did global journal of flexible systems 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