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causality between cpi and gdp was identified from cpi to gdp and according to this the hypothesis that cpi is the cause of gdp was accepted the working paper corruption and economic growth new empirical evidence 13 from 2019 emphasizes that many previous studies used the cpi for their analysis before 2012 when the index was difficult to compare over time and therefore may be biased at the same time it presents new empirical evidence based on data for 175 over the period 2012 2018 the results show that corruption is negatively associated with economic growth real per capita gdp decreased by around 17 in the long run when the reversed cpi increased by one standard deviation cpi and justice edit as reported by transparency international there is a correlation between the absence of discrimination and a better cpi score that indicates that in countries with high corruption equal treatment before the law is not guaranteed and there is more space for discrimination against specific groups 14 it seems that the country s justice system is an important protector of the country against corruption and conversely a high level of corruption can undermine the effectiveness of the justice system furthermore as noted by the united nations office on drugs and crime unodc justice systems around the world are overburdened with large caseloads chronically underfunded and in need of more financial and human resources to properly fulfill their mandates this in combination with increasing outside interference pressures and efforts to undermine judicial independence results in the inability of justice systems to control corruption the latest edition of the world justice project s rule of law index which shows that in the past year justice systems in most countries exhibited signs of deterioration including increasing delays and lower levels of accessibility and affordability also serves as evidence of the urgency of the situation conversely because corruption implies disproportionate favoring of some groups or individuals over others it prevents people from accessing justice for example a person may rely on personal contacts to change a statutory process as shown in the corruption perception index 2023 there is also a positive relationship between corruption and impunity countries with higher levels of corruption are less likely to sanction public officials for failing to adhere to existing rules and fulfill their responsibilities a positive relationship was also shown between corruption and access to justice 15 other phenomena and indices edit a georgetown university master s thesis the relationship between corruption and income inequality a crossnational study 16 published in 2013 investigates the connection between corruption and income inequality on a global scale the study s key finding is a robust positive association between income inequality measured by the gini coefficient and corruption measured by the cpi a study from 2001 17 shows that the more affected by corruption the worse a country s environmental performance measuring national environmental performance according to 67 variables the closest match is with the 2000 ti corruption perceptions index which revealed a 0 75 correlation with the ranking of environmental performance a 2022 study titled statistical analyses on the correlation of corruption perception index and some other indices in nigeria 18 investigated the relationship between the corruption perception index in nigeria and other relevant indices these other indices included the human development index hdi global peace index gpi and global hunger index ghi the result from the analysis carried out on the standardized data set shows that a positive linear relationship exists among all the variable considered except for cpi and gpi holding hdi and ghi constant which indicates a negative linear relationship between them a study investigating the relationship between public governance and the corruption perception index 19 found that aspects of public administration like voice and accountability political stability and rule of law significantly influence how corrupt a country is perceived to be this suggests that strong governance practices can be effective in reducing corruption criticism edit the cpi has received significant criticism related to its conceptual and methodological limitations and bias towards developed countries according to political scientist dan hough three flaws in the index include 20 corruption is too complex a concept to be captured by a single score for instance the nature of corruption in rural kansas will be different from that in the city administration of new york yet the index measures them in the same way measuring perception of corruption rather than corruption itself may reinforce existing stereotypes and cliches the index only measures public sector corruption ignoring the private sector this for instance means the well publicized libor scandal odebrecht case and the volkswagen emissions scandal are not counted as corrupt actions while criticizing the index for its limited usefulness in measuring corruption hough says it helps to keep the fight against corruption on the agendas of policymakers and the global commentariat 20 he has added that the index is still generally regarded as a decent place to start and says the index results are not too dissimilar from other indexes of corruption and integrity such as the global corruption index the freedom from corruption index the index of public integrity and the world bank s index of quality of governance 21 22 media outlets frequently use the raw numbers as a yardstick for government performance without clarifying what the numbers mean the local transparency international chapter in bangladesh disowned the index results after a change in methodology caused the country s scores to increase media reported it as an improvement 23 in a 2013 foreign policy article alex cobham argues that the cpi reflects an elite bias in popular perceptions of corruption potentially contributing to a vicious cycle and incentivizing inappropriate policy responses cobham writes the index corrupts perceptions to the extent that it s hard to see a justification for its continuing publication 24 he noted that many of the staff and chapters at transparency international protest internally over concerns about the index the original creator of the index johann graf lambsdorff withdrew from work on the index in 2009 stating that he was no longer available for doing the corruption perceptions index 25 recent econometric analyses that have exploited the existence of natural experiments on the level of corruption and compared the cpi with other subjective indicators have found that while not perfect the cpi is argued to be broadly consistent with one dimensional measures of corruption 26 in the united states many lawyers advise international businesses to consult the cpi when attempting to measure the risk of foreign corrupt practices act violations in different nations this practice has been criticized by the minnesota journal of international law which wrote that since the cpi may be subject to perceptual biases it therefore should not be considered by lawyers to be a measure of actual national corruption risk 27 transparency international also publishes the global corruption barometer which ranks countries by corruption levels using direct surveys instead of perceived expert opinions which has been under criticism for substantial bias from the powerful elite 24 transparency international has warned that a country with a clean cpi score may still be linked to corruption internationally for example while sweden had the 3rd best cpi score in 2015 one of its state owned companies teliasonera was facing allegations of bribery in uzbekistan 28 scoring edit for the current and historical ranking of countries see list of countries by corruption perceptions index as stated by transparency international in the 2023 corruption perceptions index 29 the level of corruption was stagnating at the global level only 28 of the 180 countries measured by the cpi at that time had improved their corruption levels over the last twelve years and 34 countries had significantly worsened no significant change was recorded for 118 countries moreover according to transparency international over 80 percent of the population lived in countries whose cpi score was lower than the global average of 43 and thus corruption remained a problem that affected the majority of people globally among the states with the most significant score decline in the 2023 cpi were authoritarian states such as venezuela as well as established democracies that had been rated high for a long time such as sweden decrease of 7 2023 score 82 or great britain decrease 3 2023 score 71 other countries experiencing sharp declines included sri lanka mongolia gabon guatemala and turkey in contrast the most significant improvements in the 2023 cpi score over the preceding twelve years were recorded by uzbekistan tanzania ukraine ivory coast the dominican republic and kuwait 2025 scores edit below are the scores for each country in the corruption perceptions index for 2025 the scores reflect a country s transparency i e the opposite of corruption 5 legend scores perceived as less corrupt perceived as more corrupt since 2012 100 90 89 80 79 70 69 60 59 50 49 40 39 30 29 20 19 10 9 0 2025 scores nation or territory score rank change 1 denmark 89 2 finland 88 3 singapore 84 4 new zealand 81 4 norway 81 1 6 sweden 80 2 6 switzerland 80 1 8 luxembourg 78 3 8 netherlands 78 1 10 germany 77 5 10 iceland 77 12 australia 76 2 12 estonia 76 1 12 hong kong 76 5 12 ireland 76 2 16 canada 75 1 17 uruguay 73 4 18 bhutan 71 18 japan 71 2 20 united kingdom 70 21 austria 69 4 21 belgium 69 1 21 united arab emirates 69 2 24 barbados 68 1 24 seychelles 68 6 24 taiwan 68 1 27 france 66 2 28 lithuania 65 4 29 bahamas 64 1 29 united states 64 1 31 brunei darussalam 63 31 chile 63 1 31 saint vincent and the grenadines 63 1 31 south korea 63 1 35 cape verde 62 35 israel 62 5 37 dominica 60 1 37 latvia 60 1 39 czech republic 59 7 39 saint lucia 59 1 41 botswana 58 2 41 qatar 58 3 41 rwanda 58 2 41 slovenia 58 5 45 saudi arabia 57 4 46 costa rica 56 4 46 grenada 56 46 portugal 56 3 49 cyprus 55 3 49 fiji 55 1 49 spain 55 3 52 italy 53 53 poland 52 1 54 malaysia 52 3 54 oman 52 4 56 bahrain 50 6 56 georgia 50 3 56 greece 50 3 56 jordan 50 3 60 malta 49 5 61 mauritius 48 5 61 slovakia 48 2 63 croatia 47 63 vanuatu 47 6 65 armenia 46 2 65 kuwait 46 65 montenegro 46 65 namibia 46 6 65 senegal 46 4 70 benin 45 1 70 romania 45 5 70 são tomé and príncipe 45 1 73 jamaica 44 73 solomon islands 44 3 73 timor leste 44 76 china 43 76 ghana 43 4 76 ivory coast 43 7 76 kosovo 43 3 80 moldova 42 4 81 south africa 41 1 81 trinidad and tobago 41 1 81 vietnam 41 7 84 bulgaria 40 8 84 burkina faso 40 2 84 cuba 40 2 84 guyana 40 8 84 hungary 40 2 84 north macedonia 40 4 84 tanzania 40 2 91 albania 39 11 91 india 39 5 91 maldives 39 5 91 morocco 39 8 91 tunisia 39 1 96 ethiopia 38 3 96 kazakhstan 38 8 96 suriname 38 8 99 colombia 37 7 99 dominican republic 37 5 99 gambia 37 3 99 lesotho 37 99 zambia 37 7 104 argentina 36 5 104 belize 36 104 ukraine 36 1 107 brazil 35 107 sri lanka 35 14 109 algeria 34 2 109 bosnia and herzegovina 34 5 109 indonesia 34 10 109 laos 34 5 109 malawi 34 2 109 nepal 34 2 109 sierra leone 34 5 116 ecuador 33 5 116 panama 33 2 116 serbia 33 11 116 thailand 33 9 120 angola 32 1 120 el salvador 32 10 120 philippines 32 6 120 togo 32 1 124 belarus 31 10 124 djibouti 31 3 124 mongolia 31 10 124 niger 31 17 124 turkey 31 17 124 uzbekistan 31 3 130 azerbaijan 30 24 130 egypt 30 130 kenya 30 9 130 mauritania 30 130 peru 30 3 135 gabon 29 136 bolivia 28 3 136 iraq 28 4 136 liberia 28 1 136 mali 28 1 136 pakistan 28 1 141 mexico 27 1 142 cameroon 26 2 142 guatemala 26 4 142 guinea 26 9 142 kyrgyzstan 26 4 142 nigeria 26 2 142 papua new guinea 26 15 148 madagascar 25 8 148 uganda 25 8 150 bangladesh 24 1 150 central african republic 24 1 150 paraguay 24 1 153 congo 23 2 153 eswatini 23 18 153 iran 23 2 153 lebanon 23 1 157 chad 22 1 157 honduras 22 3 157 russia 22 3 157 zimbabwe 22 1 161 guinea bissau 21 3 161 mozambique 21 15 163 cambodia 20 5 163 comoros 20 5 163 democratic republic of the congo 20 166 tajikistan 19 2 167 burundi 17 2 167 turkmenistan 17 2 169 afghanistan 16 4 169 haiti 16 1 169 myanmar 16 1 172 equatorial guinea 15 1 172 north korea 15 2 172 syria 15 5 175 nicaragua 14 3 175 sudan 14 5 177 eritrea 13 4 177 libya 13 4 177 yemen 13 4 180 venezuela 10 2 181 somalia 9 2 181 south sudan 9 1 list by region edit the following table lists the average cpi score for each region since 2012 list by region region coun tries 2025 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 western europe and european union 31 64 64 29 65 35 65 52 65 87 65 81 66 06 66 32 66 35 66 39 67 39 66 10 65 19 65 10 americas 33 42 42 19 42 69 42 97 43 13 43 38 43 38 43 72 44 19 44 09 40 31 30 44 94 44 32 45 03 central asia and eastern europe 19 34 34 84 35 32 35 21 35 68 35 95 34 79 34 53 34 47 34 32 33 21 33 11 32 74 32 79 asia pacific 32 45 44 48 44 52 45 13 45 10 45 29 44 87 44 39 44 39 43 87 42 56 42 70 43 04 42 64 sub saharan africa 49 32 32 51 32 82 32 39 32 51 32 31 32 24 32 24 32 02 31 46 32 30 32 73 32 12 33 35 middle east and north africa 18 39 39 00 38 00 37 50 38 72 39 11 39 00 38 56 37 89 37 50 40 06 39 67 38 44 40 00 world 182 42 47 42 66 42 97 42 98 43 27 43 34 43 17 43 12 43 07 42 95 42 60 43 16 42 55 43 15 transnational corruption in states with high cpi scores edit the advanced economies of northern and western europe north america and asia and the pacific tend to top the rankings over the long term this means that these countries are perceived as having a low level of corruption in the public sector these nations also generally have well functioning judicial systems a strong rule of law and political stability all factors that contribute to perceptions of clean governance however while these top ranked countries have strong domestic institutions their commitment to fighting corruption appears to be weak when it comes to their own financial systems and regulations affecting the international environment 31 the cpi doesn t capture transnational corruption so corrupt foreign business practices by companies from these countries don t affect their cpi scores the example of the netherlands highlights this issue despite a high cpi score the netherlands has a poor record of prosecuting companies that bribe foreign officials to win contracts as seen in the nigerian oil bribery case 32 the report exporting corruption 2022 33 which assesses foreign bribery enforcement in 43 of the 44 signatories to the oecd anti bribery convention as well as china zao hong kong india and singapore reinforces this concern it found a significant decline in foreign briber...