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кий svenska українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia conjecture in physics the weak cosmic censorship hypothesis claims that no globally naked singularities like this one can exist the weak and the strong cosmic censorship hypotheses are two mathematical conjectures about the structure of gravitational singularities in the context of general relativity singularities that arise in the solutions of einstein s equations are typically hidden within event horizons and therefore cannot be observed from the rest of spacetime singularities that are not so hidden are called naked the weak cosmic censorship hypothesis was conceived by roger penrose in 1969 and posits that no naked singularity is visible from infinity namely it is dressed by an event horizon while the strong cosmic censorship hypothesis asserts that generically general relativity must be a deterministic theory and thus our universe must be globally hyperbolic basics edit since the physical behavior of singularities is unknown if singularities can be observed from the rest of spacetime causality may break down and physics may lose its predictive power the issue cannot be avoided since according to the penrose hawking singularity theorems singularities are inevitable in physically reasonable situations still in the absence of naked singularities the universe as described by the general theory of relativity is deterministic 1 it is possible to predict the entire evolution of the universe possibly excluding some finite regions of space hidden inside event horizons of singularities knowing only its condition at a certain moment of time more precisely everywhere on a spacelike three dimensional hypersurface called the cauchy surface failure of the cosmic censorship hypothesis leads to the failure of determinism because it is yet impossible to predict the behavior of spacetime in the causal future of a singularity cosmic censorship is not merely a problem of formal interest some form of it is assumed whenever black hole event horizons are mentioned citation needed roger penrose first formulated the cosmic censorship hypothesis in 1969 the hypothesis was first formulated by roger penrose in 1969 2 and it is not stated in a completely formal way in a sense it is more of a research program proposal part of the research is to find a proper formal statement that is physically reasonable falsifiable and sufficiently general to be interesting 3 because the statement is not a strictly formal one there is sufficient latitude for at least two independent formulations a weak form and a strong form weak and strong cosmic censorship hypothesis edit the weak and the strong cosmic censorship hypotheses are two conjectures concerned with the global geometry of spacetimes the weak cosmic censorship hypothesis asserts there can be no singularity visible from future null infinity in other words singularities need to be hidden from an observer at infinity by the event horizon of a black hole mathematically the conjecture states that for generic initial data the causal structure is such that the maximal cauchy development possesses a complete future null infinity the strong cosmic censorship hypothesis asserts that generically general relativity is a deterministic theory in the same sense that classical mechanics is a deterministic theory in other words the classical fate of all observers should be predictable from the initial data mathematically the conjecture states that the maximal cauchy development of generic compact or asymptotically flat initial data is locally extensible as a regular lorentzian manifold taken in its strongest sense the conjecture suggests the local extensibility of the maximal cauchy development as a continuous lorentzian manifold very strong cosmic censorship this strongest version was disproven in 2018 by mihalis dafermos and jonathan luk for the cauchy horizon of an uncharged rotating black hole 4 the two conjectures are mathematically independent as there exist spacetimes for which weak cosmic censorship is valid but strong cosmic censorship is violated and conversely there exist spacetimes for which weak cosmic censorship is violated but strong cosmic censorship is valid example edit the kerr metric corresponding to a black hole of mass m displaystyle m and angular momentum j displaystyle j can be used to derive the effective potential for particle orbits restricted to the equator as defined by rotation this potential looks like 5 v e f f r e ℓ m r ℓ 2 a 2 e 2 1 2 r 2 m ℓ a e 2 r 3 a j m displaystyle v_ rm eff r e ell frac m r frac ell 2 a 2 e 2 1 2r 2 frac m ell ae 2 r 3 a equiv frac j m where r displaystyle r is the coordinate radius e displaystyle e and ℓ displaystyle ell are the test particle s conserved energy and angular momentum respectively constructed from the killing vectors to preserve cosmic censorship the black hole is restricted to the case of a 1 displaystyle a 1 for there to exist an event horizon around the singularity the requirement a 1 displaystyle a 1 must be satisfied 5 this amounts to the angular momentum of the black hole being constrained to below a critical value outside of which the horizon would disappear the following thought experiment is reproduced from hartle s gravity imagine specifically trying to violate the censorship conjecture this could be done by somehow imparting an angular momentum upon the black hole making it exceed the critical value assume it starts infinitesimally below it this could be done by sending a particle of angular momentum ℓ 2 m e displaystyle ell 2me because this particle has angular momentum it can only be captured by the black hole if the maximum potential of the black hole is less than e 2 1 2 displaystyle e 2 1 2 solving the above effective potential equation for the maximum under the given conditions results in a maximum potential of exactly e 2 1 2 displaystyle e 2 1 2 testing other values shows that no particle with enough angular momentum to violate the censorship conjecture would be able to enter the black hole because they have too much angular momentum to fall in problems with the concept edit there are a number of difficulties in formalizing the hypothesis there are technical difficulties with properly formalizing the notion of a singularity it is not difficult to construct spacetimes which have naked singularities but which are not physically reasonable the canonical example of such a spacetime is perhaps the superextremal m q displaystyle m q reissner nordström solution which contains a singularity at r 0 displaystyle r 0 that is not surrounded by a horizon a formal statement needs some set of hypotheses which exclude these situations caustics may occur in simple models of gravitational collapse and can appear to lead to singularities these have more to do with the simplified models of bulk matter used and in any case have nothing to do with general relativity and need to be excluded computer models of gravitational collapse have shown that naked singularities can arise but these models rely on very special circumstances such as spherical symmetry these special circumstances need to be excluded by some hypotheses in 1991 john preskill and kip thorne bet against stephen hawking that the hypothesis was false hawking conceded the bet in 1997 due to the discovery of the special situations just mentioned which he characterized as technicalities hawking later reformulated the bet to exclude those technicalities the revised bet is still open although hawking died in 2018 the prize being clothing to cover the winner s nakedness 6 counter example edit an exact solution to the scalar einstein equations r a b 2 ϕ a ϕ b displaystyle r_ ab 2 phi _ a phi _ b which forms a counterexample to many formulations of the cosmic censorship hypothesis was found by mark d roberts in 1985 d s 2 1 2 σ d v 2 2 d v d r r r 2 σ v d θ 2 sin 2 θ d ϕ 2 φ 1 2 ln 1 2 σ v r displaystyle ds 2 1 2 sigma dv 2 2 dv dr r r 2 sigma v left d theta 2 sin 2 theta d phi 2 right quad varphi frac 1 2 ln left 1 frac 2 sigma v r right where σ displaystyle sigma is a constant 7 see also edit physics portal black hole information paradox chronology protection conjecture firewall physics fuzzball string theory thorne hawking preskill bet references edit earman j 2007 aspects of determinism in modern physics pdf in gabbay dov m thagard paul woods john eds handbook of the philosophy of science amsterdam elsevier pp 1369 1434 isbn 978 0 444 51560 5 archived pdf from the original on 2014 05 22 penrose roger 1969 gravitational collapse the role of general relativity nuovo cimento rivista serie 1 252 bibcode 1969ncimr 1 252p browne malcom w february 12 1997 a bet on a cosmic scale and a concession sort of the new york times hartnett kevin 17 may 2018 mathematicians disprove conjecture made to save black holes quanta magazine retrieved 29 march 2020 1 2 hartle j b 2003 15 rotating black holes gravity an introduction to einstein s general relativity san francisco addison wesley isbn 978 0 8053 8662 2 new bet on naked singularities 5 february 1997 archived from the original on 6 june 2004 roberts m d september 1989 scalar field counterexamples to the cosmic censorship hypothesis general relativity and gravitation 21 9 springer science and business media llc 907 939 bibcode 1989gregr 21 907r doi 10 1007 bf00769864 issn 0001 7701 s2cid 121601921 further reading edit earman john 1995 bangs crunches whimpers and shrieks singularities and acausalities in relativistic spacetimes pdf new york oxford university press see especially chapter 2 isbn 978 0 19 509591 3 penrose roger 1979 singularities and time asymmetry in hawking stephen israel w eds general relativity an einstein centenary survey cambridge eng new york cambridge university press see especially section 12 3 2 pp 617 629 isbn 978 0 521 22285 3 shapiro stuart l teukolsky saul a 25 february 1991 formation of naked singularities the violation of cosmic censorship pdf physical review letters 66 8 american physical society aps 994 997 bibcode 1991phrvl 66 994s doi 10 1103 physrevlett 66 994 issn 0031 9007 pmid 10043968 s2cid 7830407 archived pdf from the original on 2019 12 05 wald robert m 1984 general relativity pdf chicago university of chicago press pp 299 308 isbn 978 0 226 87032 8 wald robert m 1998 the question of cosmic censorship in wald robert m ed black holes and relativistic stars chicago university of chicago press isbn 978 0 226 87034 2 external links edit the old bet conceded in 1997 the new bet v t e black holes outline types btz black hole schwarzschild rotating charged virtual kugelblitz supermassive primordial direct collapse rogue malament hogarth spacetime size micro extremal electron stellar microquasar intermediate mass supermassive active galactic nucleus quasar lqg blazar bl lac fsrq formation stellar evolution gravitational collapse neutron star related links tolman oppenheimer volkoff limit oppenheimer snyder model white dwarf related links supernova micronova hypernova related links gamma ray burst binary black hole quark star supermassive star quasi star supermassive dark star x ray binary low mass high mass properties astrophysical jet gravitational singularity ring singularity bkl singularity shock singularity theorems event horizon photon sphere innermost stable circular orbit ergosphere penrose process blandford znajek process accretion disk corona wind hawking radiation gravitational lens microlens cauchy horizon mass inflation bondi accretion m sigma relation quasi periodic oscillation thermodynamics bekenstein bound bousso s holographic bound immirzi parameter schwarzschild radius spaghettification issues information paradox complementarity soft hair cosmic censorship er epr final parsec problem firewall physics holographic principle no hair theorem metrics schwarzschild derivation kerr reissner nordström kerr newman hayward alternatives nonsingular black hole models black star dark star dark energy star gravastar magnetospheric eternally collapsing object planck star q star fuzzball geon analogs optical black hole sonic black hole lists black holes most massive nearest quasars microquasars related outline of black holes black hole initiative black hole starship black holes in fiction big bang big bounce compact star exotic star quark star preon star gravitational waves gamma ray burst progenitors gravity well hypercompact stellar system membrane paradigm naked singularity population iii star supermassive star quasi star supermassive dark star rossi x ray timing explorer superluminal motion timeline of black hole physics white hole wormhole tidal disruption event notable 1es 1927 654 3c 273 a0620 00 at2018hyz centaurus a cygnus x 1 gaia bh1 hercules a markarian 501 ms 0735 6 7421 neve 1 oj 287 phoenix cluster pks 1302 102 pso j030947 49 271757 31 q0906 6930 sagittarius a sdss j0849 1114 swift j1644 57 ton 618 ulas j1342 0928 xte j1118 480 xte j1650 500 category commons v t e roger penrose books the emperor s new mind 1989 shadows of the mind 1994 the road to reality 2004 cycles of time 2010 fashion faith and fantasy in the new physics of the universe 2016 coauthored books the nature of space and time with stephen hawking 1996 the large the small and the human mind with abner shimony nancy cartwright and stephen hawking 1997 white mars or the mind set free with brian w aldiss 1999 concepts twistor theory spin network abstract index notation black hole bomb geometry of spacetime cosmic censorship weyl curvature hypothesis penrose inequalities penrose interpretation of quantum mechanics moore penrose inverse newman penrose formalism penrose diagram penrose hawking singularity theorems riemannian penrose inequality penrose process penrose tiling penrose triangle penrose stairs penrose graphical notation penrose transform penrose terrell effect orchestrated objective reduction penrose lucas argument felix experiment trapped surface andromeda paradox conformal cyclic cosmology related lionel penrose father oliver penrose brother jonathan penrose brother shirley hodgson sister john beresford leathes grandfather illumination problem quantum mind retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title cosmic_censorship_hypothesis oldid 1365976588 categories black holes general relativity roger penrose gravitational singularities hypotheses conjectures hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from october 2015 this page was last edited on 25 july 2026 at 14 35 utc page...