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hile this method was originally developed for highly creative personalities citation needed today it is also available as self report questionnaires supplemented with frequent less outstanding creative behaviors such as writing a short story or creating recipes clarification needed the self report questionnaire most frequently used in research is the creative achievement questionnaire 102 better source needed a self report test that measures creative achievement across ten domains which was described in 2005 and shown to be reliable when compared to other measures of creativity and to independent evaluations of creative output 103 factors edit intelligence edit the potential relationship between creativity and intelligence has been of interest since the last half of the twentieth century when many influential studies extensively studied both this joint focus highlighted both the theoretical and practical importance of the relationship researchers were interested in not only if the two qualities were related but also how and why 104 there are multiple theories accounting for their relationship with there being three main theories citation needed threshold theory states that intelligence is a necessary but not sufficient condition for creativity and that there is a moderate positive relationship between creativity and intelligence until iq 120 105 106 certification theory states that creativity is not intrinsically related to intelligence instead individuals are required to meet the requisite level of intelligence in order to gain a certain level of education or work which in turn offers the opportunity to be creative in this theory displays of creativity are moderated by intelligence 107 interference theory states in contrast that extremely high intelligence might interfere with creative ability 108 sternberg and o hara proposed a different framework of five possible relationships between creativity and intelligence that creativity was a subset of intelligence that intelligence was a subset of creativity that the two constructs overlapped that they were both part of the same construct coincident sets or that they were distinct constructs disjoint sets 109 creativity as a subset of intelligence edit a number of researchers include creativity either explicitly or implicitly as a key component of intelligence for example sternberg s theory of successful intelligence 108 109 110 includes creativity as a main component and comprises three sub theories contextual analytic contextual practical and experiential creative experiential sub theory the ability to use pre existing knowledge and skills to solve new and novel problems is directly related to creativity the cattell horn carroll theory chc includes creativity as a subset of intelligence associated with the broad group factor of long term storage and retrieval glr 111 glr narrows abilities relating to creativity include ideational fluency associational fluency and originality creativity silvia et al 112 conducted a study to look at the relationship between divergent thinking and verbal fluency tests and reported that both fluency and originality in divergent thinking were significantly affected by the broad level glr factor martindale 113 extended the chc theory by proposing that people who are creative are also selective in their processing speed martindale argues that in the creative process larger amounts of information are processed more slowly in the early stages and as a person begins to understand the problem the processing speed is increased the dual process theory of intelligence 114 posits a two factor or type model of intelligence type 1 is a conscious process and concerns goal directed thoughts type 2 is an unconscious process and concerns spontaneous cognition which encompasses daydreaming and implicit learning ability kaufman argues that creativity occurs as a result of type 1 and type 2 processes working together in combination each type in the creative process can be used to varying degrees intelligence as a subset of creativity edit in this relationship model intelligence is a key component in the development of creativity for example sternberg lubart s investment theory 85 115 using the metaphor of a stock market demonstrates that creative thinkers are like good investors they buy low and sell high in their ideas like undervalued or low valued stock creative individuals generate unique ideas that are initially rejected by other people the creative individual has to persevere and convince others of the idea s value after convincing others and thus increasing the idea s value the creative individual sells high by leaving the idea with the other people and moving on to generate another idea according to this theory six distinct but related elements contribute to successful creativity intelligence knowledge thinking styles personality motivation and environment intelligence is just one of the six factors that can either solely or in conjunction with the other five factors generate creative thoughts amabile s componential model of creativity 116 117 posits three within individual components needed for creativity domain relevant skills creativity relevant processes and task motivation and one component external to the individual their surrounding social environment creativity requires the confluence of all components high creativity will result when a person is intrinsically motivated possesses both a high level of domain relevant skills and has high skills in creative thinking and is working in a highly creative environment the amusement park theoretical model 118 is a four step theory in which domain specific and generalist views are integrated into a model of creativity the researchers make use of the metaphor of the amusement park to demonstrate that within each of the following creative levels intelligence plays a key role to get into the amusement park there are initial requirements e g time and transportation needed to go to the park initial requirements such as intelligence are necessary but not sufficient for creativity they are more like prerequisites for creativity and if a person does not possess the basic level of the initial requirement intelligence then they will not be able to generate creative thoughts and behaviour secondly there are the subcomponents general thematic areas that increase in specificity like choosing which type of amusement park to visit e g a zoo or a water park these areas relate to the areas in which someone could be creative e g poetry thirdly there are specific domains after choosing the type of park to visit e g if one chooses a waterpark that person has to choose which specific park to go to for example within the poetry domain there are many different forms e g free verse riddles sonnets etc lastly there are micro domains these are the specific tasks that reside within each domain e g individual rides at the waterpark equate to individual lines in a poem in free verse creativity and intelligence as overlapping yet distinct constructs edit these concepts posit creativity and intelligence as distinct but intersecting constructs for example in renzulli s three ring conception of giftedness 119 giftedness is an overlap of above average intellectual ability creativity and task commitment under this view creativity and intelligence are distinct constructs but they overlap under the correct conditions in the pass theory of intelligence the planning component the ability to solve problems make decisions and take action strongly overlaps with the concept of creativity 120 threshold theory tt derives from a number of previous research findings that suggested that a threshold exists in the relationship between creativity and intelligence both constructs are moderately positively correlated up to an iq of 120 above this threshold if there is a relationship at all it is small and weak 121 105 122 tt posits that a moderate level of intelligence is necessary for creativity creativity and intelligence as coincident sets edit under this view researchers posit that there are no differences in the mechanisms underlying creativity from those used in normal problem solving and in normal problem solving there is no need for creativity thus creativity and intelligence problem solving are the same thing perkins referred to this as the nothing special view 123 creativity and intelligence as disjoint sets edit in this view creativity and intelligence are completely different unrelated constructs along with the coincident set view this is quite a rare position taken within the literature 124 affective influence edit some theories suggest that creativity may be particularly susceptible to affective influence the term affect in this context refers to liking or disliking key aspects of the subject in question this work largely follows from findings in psychology regarding the ways in which affective states are involved in human judgment and decision making 125 according to alice isen positive affect has three primary effects on cognitive activity first it makes additional cognitive material available for processing increasing the number of cognitive elements available for association second it leads to defocused attention and a more complex cognitive context increasing the breadth of those elements that are treated as relevant to the problem third it increases cognitive flexibility increasing the probability that diverse cognitive elements will in fact become associated together these processes enable creativity 126 barbara fredrickson in her broaden and build model suggests that positive emotions such as joy and love broaden a person s available repertoire of cognitions and actions thus enhancing creativity 127 according to these researchers positive emotions increase the number of cognitive elements available for association attention scope and the number of elements that are relevant to the problem cognitive scope day by day psychological experiences including emotions perceptions and motivation significantly impact creative performance creativity is higher when emotions and perceptions are more positive and when intrinsic motivation is stronger 128 some meta analyses such as baas et al 2008 analyzing 66 studies of creativity and affect support the link between creativity and positive affect 129 130 mental health edit main article creativity and mental health links have been identified between creativity and mood disorders particularly manic depressive disorder a k a bipolar disorder and depressive disorder a k a unipolar disorder 131 however different artists have described mental illness as having both positive and negative effects on their work 132 in general people who have worked in the arts industry throughout history have faced many environmental factors that are associated with and can sometimes influence mental illness things such as poverty persecution social alienation psychological trauma substance abuse and high stress 132 studies edit a study by psychologist j philippe rushton found creativity to correlate with intelligence and psychoticism 133 another study found creativity to be greater in people with schizotypal personality disorder than in people with either schizophrenia or those without mental health disorders 134 135 136 while divergent thinking was associated with activation of both sides of the prefrontal cortex schizotypal individuals were found to have much greater activation of their right prefrontal cortex 137 that study hypothesized that such individuals are better at accessing both hemispheres allowing them to make novel associations at a faster rate consistent with this hypothesis ambidexterity is also more common in people with schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia citation needed three studies by mark batey and adrian furnham demonstrated the relationships between schizotypal personality disorder 138 hypomanic personality 139 and several different measures of creativity a study of 300 000 persons with schizophrenia bipolar disorder or unipolar depression and their relatives found overrepresentation in creative professions of those with bipolar disorder as well as for undiagnosed siblings of those with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder there was no overall overrepresentation but overrepresentation for artistic occupations among those diagnosed with schizophrenia clarification needed there was no association for those with unipolar depression or their relatives 140 another study involving more than one million people conducted by swedish researchers at the karolinska institute reported a number of correlations between creative occupations and mental illnesses writers had a higher risk of anxiety and bipolar disorders schizophrenia unipolar depression and substance abuse and were almost twice as likely as the general population to kill themselves dancers and photographers were also more likely to have bipolar disorder 141 those in the creative professions were no more likely to have psychiatric disorders than other people although they were more likely to have a close relative with a disorder including anorexia and to some extent autism the journal of psychiatric research reported 141 nancy andreasen was one of the first researchers to carry out a large scale study of creativity and whether mental illnesses have an impact on someone s ability to be creative she expected to find a link between creativity and schizophrenia but her research sample the book authors she pooled had no history of schizophrenia her findings instead showed that 80 of the creative group previously had some episode of mental illness in their lifetime 142 when she performed follow up studies over a 15 year period she found that 43 of the authors had bipolar disorder compared to 1 of the general public in 1989 another study by kay redfield jamison reaffirmed those statistics with 38 of her sample of authors having a history of mood disorders 142 anthony storr a prominent psychiatrist remarked the creative process can be a way of protecting the individual against being overwhelmed by depression a means of regaining a sense of mastery in those who have lost it and to a varying extent a way of repairing the self damaged by bereavement or by the loss of confidence in human relationships which accompanies depression from whatever cause 142 bipolar disorders edit people diagnosed with bipolar disorder report themselves as having a larger range of emotional understanding heightened states of perception and an ability to connect better with those in the world around them 143 other reported traits include higher rates of productivity higher senses of self awareness and greater empathy those who have bipolar disorder also understand their own sense of heightened creativity and ability to get immense numbers of tasks done all at once in one study of 219 participants aged 19 to 63 diagnosed with bipolar disorder 82 of them reported having...