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eral what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikibooks wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia specialization in anthropology and sister sciences cross cultural studies topics cross cultural studies guilt shame fear spectrum high low trust societies regality theory cultural values world values survey inglehart welzel cultural map hofstede s cultural dimensions theory high low context cultures v t e part of a series on anthropology outline history types archaeological biological cultural linguistic social archaeological aerial aviation battlefield biblical bioarchaeological environmental ethnoarchaeological experimental feminist forensic maritime paleoethnobotanical zooarchaeological biological anthrozoological biocultural evolutionary forensic molecular neurological nutritional paleoanthropological primatological social cultural applied art christian cognitive cyborg development digital ecological environmental economic political economy feminist food historical human rights organizations kinship legal media medical museums musical political psychological public religion symbolic transpersonal urban visual linguistic anthropological descriptive ethnological ethnopoetical historical ideology semiotic sociological research framework anthropometry ethnography cyber ethnology cross cultural comparison participant observation holism reflexivity thick description cultural relativism ethnocentrism emic and etic key concepts culture development ethnicity evolution sociocultural gender kinship and descent meme prehistory race society value colonialism postcolonialism key theories actor network theory alliance theory boasian anthropology cross cultural studies cultural materialism culture theory diffusionism feminism functionalism historical particularism historical materialism interpretive performance studies political economy practice theory structuralism post structuralism systems theory lists anthropologists by nationality anthropology by year bibliography journals list of indigenous peoples organizations v t e cross cultural studies sometimes called holocultural studies or comparative studies is a specialization in anthropology and sister sciences such as sociology psychology economics political science that uses field data from many societies through comparative research to examine the scope of human behavior and test hypotheses about human behavior and culture cross cultural studies is the third form of cross cultural comparisons the first is comparison of case studies the second is controlled comparison among variants of a common derivation and the third is comparison within a sample of cases 1 unlike comparative studies which examines similar characteristics of a few societies cross cultural studies uses a sufficiently large sample so that statistical analysis can be made to show relationships or lack of relationships between the traits in question 2 these studies are surveys of ethnographic data or involve qualitative data collection 3 they can also use mixed methods 4 cross cultural studies are applied widely in the social sciences particularly in cultural anthropology and psychology history edit the first cross cultural studies were carried out by 19th century anthropologists such as edward burnett tylor and lewis h morgan one of edward tylor s first studies gave rise to the central statistical issue of cross cultural studies phylogenetic autocorrelation also known as galton s problem 5 in the recent decades when historians and particularly historians of science started looking at the mechanism and networks by which knowledge ideas skills instruments and books moved across cultures generating new and fresh concepts concerning the order of things in nature in cross cultural scientific exchanges in the eastern mediterranean 1560 1660 avner ben zaken has argued that cross cultural exchanges take place at a cultural hazy locus where the margins of one culture overlaps the other creating a mutually embraced zone where exchanges take place on mundane ways from such a stimulating zone ideas styles instruments and practices move onward to the cultural centers urging them to renew and update cultural notions 6 modern era edit the modern era of cross cultural studies began with george murdock 1949 7 who set up a number of foundational data sets including the human relations area files and the ethnographic atlas together with douglas r white he developed the widely used standard cross cultural sample which is currently maintained by the open access electronic journal world cultures hofstede s cultural dimensions theory is a framework for cross cultural communication developed by geert hofstede in the 1970s it describes the effects of a society s culture on the values of its members and how these values relate to behavior using a structure derived from factor analysis 8 the original theory proposed four dimensions along which cultural values could be analyzed individualism collectivism uncertainty avoidance power distance strength of social hierarchy and masculinity femininity task orientation versus person orientation it has been refined several times since then 9 with the widespread access of people to the internet and the high influence of online social networks on daily life users behavior in these websites have become a new resource to perform cross cultural and comparative studies a study on twitter examined the usage of emoticons from users of 78 countries and found a positive correlation between individualism collectivism dimension of hofstede s cultural dimensions theory and people s use of mouth oriented emoticons 10 another user experience study on the usage of smileys from users of 12 countries showed that emoji based scales may ease the challenges related to translation and implementation for brief cross cultural surveys 11 see also edit comparative cultural studies cross cultural cross cultural capital cross cultural communication cross cultural psychiatry cross cultural psychology cultural bias cultural relativism ethnocentrism human relations area files kluckhohn and strodtbeck s values orientation theory standard cross cultural sample hofstede s cultural dimensions theory references edit van de vijver fons j r 2009 03 01 types of comparative studies in cross cultural psychology online readings in psychology and culture 2 2 doi 10 9707 2307 0919 1017 issn 2307 0919 brislin richard w january 1976 comparative research methodology cross cultural studies international journal of psychology 11 3 215 229 doi 10 1080 00207597608247359 issn 0020 7594 sha mandy 2020 04 30 sha mandy ed cross cultural comparison of focus groups as a research method chapter 8 in the essential role of language in survey research rti press pp 151 179 doi 10 3768 rtipress bk 0023 2004 isbn 978 1 934831 24 3 archived from the original on 2023 12 11 retrieved 2023 12 01 sha mandy aizpurua eva 2025 03 02 introduction 2025 special issue on cross cultural and multilingual research survey practice 19 special issue 1 11 doi 10 29115 sp 2025 0004 galton difference problem encyclopedia of statistical sciences john wiley sons inc 2004 07 15 doi 10 1002 0471667196 ess0843 isbn 0471667196 avner ben zaken from incommensurability of cultures to mutually embraced zones in cross cultural scientific exchanges in the eastern mediterranean 1560 1660 johns hopkins university press 2010 pp 163 167 isbn 9780801894763 whiting 1986 305 adeoye blessing tomei lawrence 2014 effects of information capitalism and globalisation on teaching and learning pennsylvania information science reference isbn 9781466661639 retrieved 2015 10 21 hofstede geert 2011 12 01 dimensionalizing cultures the hofstede model in context online readings in psychology and culture 2 1 doi 10 9707 2307 0919 1014 issn 2307 0919 park jaram baek young min cha meeyoung 2014 03 19 cross cultural comparison of nonverbal cues in emoticons on twitter evidence from big data analysis journal of communication 64 2 333 354 doi 10 1111 jcom 12086 issn 0021 9916 sedley aaron yang yongwei 2020 04 30 sha mandy ed scaling the smileys a multicountry investigation in the essential role of language in survey research rti press doi 10 3768 rtipress bk 0023 2004 isbn 978 1 934831 24 3 archived from the original on 2023 12 11 retrieved 2023 12 01 bibliography edit ember carol r and melvin ember 1998 cross cultural research handbook of methods in cultural anthropology ed by h r bernard pp 647 90 walnut creek ca altamira press ember carol r and melvin ember 2001 cross cultural research methods lanham md altamira press korotayev andrey world religions and social evolution of the old world oikumene civilizations a cross cultural perspective archived 2020 02 02 at the wayback machine lewiston ny edwin mellen press isbn 0 7734 6310 0 franco f m and d narasimhan 2009 plant names and uses as indicators of traditional knowledge indian journal of traditional knowledge archived 2013 04 15 at the wayback machine franco f m d narasimhan and w stanley 2008 relationship between four tribal communities and their natural resources in the koraput region ethnobotany research and applications vol 6 levinson david and martin j malone 1980 toward explaining human culture a critical review of the findings of worldwide cross cultural research new haven ct hraf press macfarlane alan 2004 to contrast and compare archived 2009 10 12 at the wayback machine pp 94 111 in methodology and fieldwork edited by vinay kumar srivastava delhi oxford university press de munck v cultural units in cross cultural research archived 2013 07 22 at the wayback machine ethnology 39 4 2000 335 348 murdock george p 1949 social structure new york macmillan murdock george p 1967 ethnographic atlas a summary pittsburgh the university of pittsburgh prsrtjh sdxthgn fdty a45tesjtukcn bess murdock george p 1970 kin term patterns and their distribution ethnology 9 165 207 murdock george p 1981 atlas of world cultures pittsburgh the university of pittsburgh press murdock george p and douglas r white 1969 standard cross cultural sample archived 2009 10 12 at the wayback machine ethnology 8 329 369 whiting john w m 1986 george peter murdock 1897 1985 link removed american anthropologist 88 3 682 686 external links edit english wikisource has original text related to this article body ritual among the nacirema journals edit cross cultural research journal of cross cultural psychology world cultures structure and dynamics ejournal of the anthropological and related sciences transtext e stranscultures trilingual journal of global cultural studies social evolution history associations edit society for cross cultural research institut d études transtextuelles et transculturelles iett institute for transtextual and transcultural studies lyon france v t e culture outline sciences cultural anthropology cultural astronomy cultural ecology cultural geography cultural neuroscience cultural studies culturology culture theory subfields bioculture cross cultural studies cross cultural communication cross cultural leadership cross cultural psychiatry cross cultural psychology cultural analytics cultural economics cultural entomology cultural history cultural mapping cultural mediation cultural psychology cultural values culturomics intercultural learning intercultural relations philosophy of culture popular culture studies postcritique semiotics of culture sociology of culture sound culture theology of culture transcultural nursing types constructed culture dominant culture folk culture high culture individualistic culture legal culture microculture official culture political culture civic popular culture low culture media culture recombinant culture remix culture trash culture urban primitive culture resistance through culture subculture alternative culture counterculture fandom underground culture youth subculture list super culture supporter culture vernacular culture culture by location aspects acculturation cultural appreciation cultural appropriation cultural area cultural artifact cultural baggage cultural bias cultural capital cross cultural cultural communication cultural conflict cultural cringe cultural dissonance cultural framework cultural heritage destroyed cultural icon cultural identity cultural industry cultural invention cultural landscape cultural learning cultural leveling cultural memory cultural pluralism cultural practice cultural property cultural reproduction cultural system cultural technology cultural universal cultureme enculturation high and low context cultures high trust and low trust societies interculturality material culture non material culture protoculture relational mobility safety culture symbolic culture trans cultural diffusion transculturation politics colonial mentality cross cultural sensitivity cultural assimilation cultural attaché cultural backwardness cultural contracts cultural deprivation cultural diplomacy cultural exception cultural genocide cultural globalization cultural hegemony cultural imperialism cultural intelligence cultural nationalism cultural pessimism cultural policy cultural racism cultural radicalism cultural retention cultural revolution cultural rights cultural safety cultural silence cultural subsidy culture change culture minister culture of fear culture war deculturalization dominator culture interculturalism monoculturalism multiculturalism biculturalism multiracial democracy pluriculturalism polyculturalism transculturism specific cultures geographical eastern culture western culture media organizational culture assessment culture design culture journalism culture manuscript culture media culture print culture technoculture cyberculture internet culture visual culture political bolshevism capitalism conservatism environmentalism far right feminism liberalism zionism religious buddhism christianity catholicism cultural christians protestantism role of christianity in civilization eastern orthodoxy mormonism cultural hindus islam cultural muslims judaism sikhism other algorithmic culture animal culture archaeological culture cringe culture disability culture deaf culture drinking culture drug culture cannabis culture oppositional culture participatory culture permission culture rape culture tea culture related bennett scale circuit of culture civilization coffee culture cross cultural cultural center cultural competence cultural critic cultural determinism cultural diversity cultural evolutionism cultural homogenization cultural institution cultural jet lag cultural lag cultural literacy cultural mosaic cultural movement cultural mulatto cultural probe cultural relativism cultural tourism pop culture cultural translation cultural turn cultural sensibility culture and menstruation culture and positive psyc...