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there are quite some rewards to it 41 thirdly it seemed from the perspective both of the soviet union and of cuba that the united states wanted to invade cuba or increase its presence there in view of actions which included an attempt to expel cuba from the organization of american states 42 a campaign of violent terrorist attacks on civilians which the us was carrying out on cuba 23 economic sanctions against the country and an earlier attempt to invade the island cuban officials understood that america was trying to overrun their country the ussr would respond by placing missiles on cuba which would secure the country against attack and keep it in the socialist bloc 30 fifteen us built pgm 19 jupiter missiles with the capability to strike moscow with nuclear warheads were deployed in turkey in 1961 american missiles could have been launched from turkey to attack the ussr before the soviets had a chance to react placing nuclear missiles on cuba would have created a balance of mutual assured destruction if the united states launched a nuclear strike against the soviet union the soviets would have been able to react by launching a retaliatory nuclear strike against the us 43 placing nuclear missiles on cuba was also a way for the ussr to show support for cuba and the cuban people who viewed the united states as a threat 42 the ussr had become cuba s ally after the cuban revolution of 1959 according to khrushchev the soviet union s motives were aimed at allowing cuba to live peacefully and develop as its people desire 44 arthur m schlesinger jr a historian and adviser to kennedy told national public radio in an interview on 16 october 2002 that castro did not want the missiles but khrushchev pressured him to accept them castro was not completely happy with the idea but the cuban national directorate of the revolution accepted them both to protect cuba against us attack and to aid the soviet union 45 272 soviet military deployments the relative ranges of the il 28 ss 4 and ss 5 based on cuba in nautical miles nm in early 1962 a group of soviet military and missile construction specialists accompanied an agricultural delegation to havana and met cuban prime minister fidel castro according to one report the cuban leadership expected that the us would invade cuba again and enthusiastically approved the idea of installing nuclear missiles on cuba according to another source castro objected to being made to look like a soviet puppet but was persuaded that missiles in cuba would be an irritant to the us and would help the interests of the entire socialist camp 46 the deployment would include short range tactical weapons with a range of 40 km usable only against naval vessels that would provide a nuclear umbrella for attacks upon the island by may khrushchev and castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in cuba like castro khrushchev felt that a us invasion of cuba was imminent and that to lose cuba would do great harm to the communists especially in latin america he said he wanted to confront the americans with more than words the logical answer was missiles 47 the soviets maintained their tight secrecy writing their plans in longhand which were approved by marshal of the soviet union rodion malinovsky on 4 july and khrushchev on 7 july as operation anadyr operation anadyr entailed elaborate denial and deception known as maskirovka all the planning and preparation for transporting and deploying the missiles was carried out in the utmost secrecy with only a very few knowing the exact nature of the mission even the troops detailed for the mission were given misdirection by being told that they were headed for a cold region and were outfitted with ski boots fleece lined parkas and other winter equipment 48 specialists in missile construction under the guise of machine operators and agricultural specialists arrived in july 48 a total of 43 000 foreign troops would ultimately be brought in 49 50 chief marshal of artillery sergey biryuzov head of the soviet rocket forces led a survey team that visited cuba he told khrushchev that the missiles would be concealed and camouflaged by palm trees 35 the soviet troops would arrive in cuba heavily underprepared they did not know that the tropical climate would render ineffective many of their weapons and much of their equipment in the first few days of setting up the missiles troops complained of fuse failures excessive corrosion overconsumption of oil and generator blackouts 51 as early as august 1962 the us suspected that the soviets were building missile facilities in cuba during that month its intelligence services gathered information of sightings by ground observers of soviet built mig 21 fighters and il 28 light bombers u 2 spy planes found s 75 dvina nato designation sa 2 surface to air missile sites at eight different locations cia director john a mccone was suspicious sending antiaircraft missiles into cuba he reasoned made sense only if moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the united states 52 on 10 august he wrote a memo to kennedy in which he guessed that the soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into cuba 35 che guevara himself traveled to the soviet union on 30 august 1962 to sign the final agreement regarding the deployment of missiles in cuba 53 the visit was heavily monitored by the cia as guevara was being watched closely by american intelligence while in the soviet union guevara argued with khrushchev that the missile deal should be made public but khrushchev insisted on total secrecy and promised the soviet union s support if the americans discovered the missiles by the time guevara arrived in cuba u 2 spy planes had already discovered the soviet troops in cuba 54 with important congressional elections scheduled for november the crisis became enmeshed in american politics on 31 august senator kenneth keating r new york warned on the senate floor that the soviet union was in all probability constructing a missile base in cuba he charged the kennedy administration with covering up a major threat to the us thereby starting the crisis 55 he may have received this initial remarkably accurate information from his friend former congresswoman and ambassador clare boothe luce who in turn received it from cuban exiles 56 a later confirming source for keating s information may have been the west german ambassador to cuba who had received information from dissidents inside cuba that soviet troops had arrived in cuba in early august and were seen working in all probability on or near a missile base the ambassador passed this information to keating on a trip to washington in early october 57 air force general curtis lemay presented a pre invasion bombing plan to kennedy in september and spy flights and minor military harassment from us forces at guantanamo bay naval base were the subject of continual cuban diplomatic complaints to the us government 15 map created by american intelligence showing all known surface to air missile activity in cuba 5 september 1962 the first consignment of soviet r 12 missiles arrived on the night of 8 september followed by a second on 16 september the r 12 was a medium range ballistic missile capable of carrying a thermonuclear warhead 58 it was a single stage road transportable surface launched storable liquid propellant fuelled missile that could deliver a megaton class nuclear weapon citation needed the soviets were building nine sites six for r 12 medium range missiles nato designation ss 4 sandal with an effective range of 2 000 kilometres 1 200 mi and three for r 14 intermediate range ballistic missiles nato designation ss 5 skean with a maximum range of 4 500 kilometres 2 800 mi 59 on 7 october cuban president osvaldo dorticós torrado spoke at the un general assembly if we are attacked we will defend ourselves i repeat we have sufficient means with which to defend ourselves we have indeed our inevitable weapons the weapons which we would have preferred not to acquire and which we do not wish to employ 60 on 11 october in another senate speech sen keating reaffirmed his earlier warning of 31 august and stated that construction has begun on at least a half dozen launching sites for intermediate range tactical missiles 61 the cuban leadership was further upset when on 20 september the us senate approved joint resolution 230 which stated that the us was determined to prevent in cuba the creation or use of an externally supported military capability endangering the security of the united states 62 63 on the same day the us announced a major military exercise in the caribbean phibriglex 62 which cuba denounced as a deliberate provocation and proof that the us planned to invade cuba 63 64 unreliable source the soviet leadership believed based on its perception of kennedy s lack of confidence during the bay of pigs invasion that he would avoid confrontation and would accept the missiles as a fait accompli 17 1 on 11 september the soviet union publicly warned that a us attack on cuba or on soviet ships that were carrying supplies to the island would mean war 15 the soviets continued the maskirovka program to conceal their actions in cuba they repeatedly denied that the weapons being brought into cuba were offensive in nature on 7 september soviet ambassador to the united states anatoly dobrynin assured united states ambassador to the united nations adlai stevenson that the soviet union was supplying only defensive weapons to cuba on 11 september the telegraph agency of the soviet union tass telegrafnoe agentstvo sovetskogo soyuza announced that the soviet union had no need or intention to introduce offensive nuclear missiles into cuba on 13 october dobrynin was questioned by former undersecretary of state chester bowles about whether the soviets planned to put offensive weapons in cuba he denied any such plans 63 on 17 october soviet embassy official georgi bolshakov brought president kennedy a personal message from khrushchev reassuring him that under no circumstances would surface to surface missiles be sent to cuba 63 494 missiles reported missiles placed in cuba would enable the soviets to target most of the continental us the planned arsenal consisted of forty launchers the cuban populace observed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached miami us intelligence received countless reports many of dubious quality or even laughable most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles 65 66 67 only five reports bothered the analysts they described large trucks passing through towns at night that were carrying very long canvas covered cylindrical objects and could not make turns through towns without backing up and maneuvering defensive missile transporters it was believed could make such turns without undue difficulty the reports could not be satisfactorily dismissed 68 a u 2 reconnaissance photograph of cuba showing soviet nuclear missiles their transports and tents for fueling and maintenance aerial confirmation the united states had been sending u 2 surveillance flights over cuba since the failed bay of pigs invasion 69 a pause in reconnaissance flights occurred on 30 august 1962 when a u 2 operated by the us air force s strategic air command flew over sakhalin island in the soviet far east by mistake the soviets lodged a protest and the us apologized nine days later a taiwanese operated u 2 70 was lost over western china to an sa 2 surface to air missile sam us officials were worried that one of the cuban or soviet sams in cuba might shoot down a cia u 2 causing another international incident in a meeting with members of the committee on overhead reconnaissance comor on 10 september 1962 secretary of state dean rusk and national security advisor mcgeorge bundy restricted further u 2 flights over cuban airspace the resulting lack of coverage over the island for the next five weeks became known to historians as the photo gap 71 no significant u 2 coverage was achieved over the interior of the island during this time us officials attempted to use a corona photo reconnaissance satellite to photograph reported soviet military deployments but the imagery acquired over western cuba by a corona kh 4 mission on 1 october 1962 was obscured by clouds and haze and did not provide usable intelligence 72 at the end of september navy reconnaissance aircraft photographed the soviet ship kasimov with large crates on its deck the size and shape of il 28 jet bomber fuselages 35 in september 1962 analysts from the defense intelligence agency dia noticed that cuban surface to air missile sites were arranged in a pattern similar to those used by the soviet union to protect icbm bases and the dia lobbied for resumption of u 2 flights over the island 73 in the past the flights had been conducted by the cia but pressure from the defense department led to that authority being transferred to the air force 35 after the loss of a cia u 2 over the soviet union in may 1960 it was thought that if another u 2 were shot down an air force aircraft apparently being used for a legitimate military purpose would be easier to explain than a cia flight when reconnaissance missions were permitted again on 9 october 1962 poor weather kept the planes from flying the us first obtained u 2 photographic evidence of the soviet missiles on 14 october 1962 when a u 2 flight piloted by major richard heyser took 928 pictures on a path selected by dia analysts capturing images of what turned out to be an ss 4 construction site at san cristóbal pinar del río province now in artemisa province in western cuba 74 one of the first u 2 reconnaissance images of missile bases under construction shown to president kennedy on the morning of 16 october 1962 president notified on 15 october 1962 the cia s national photographic interpretation center npic reviewed the u 2 photographs and identified objects that appeared to be medium range ballistic missiles this identification was made partly on the strength of reporting provided by oleg penkovsky a double agent in the gru working for the cia and mi6 although he provided no direct reports of soviet missile deployments to cuba technical and doctrinal details of soviet missile regiments that had been provided by penkovsky in the months and years prior to the crisis helped npic analysts to identify the missiles in u 2 imagery 75 that evening the cia notified the department of state and at 8 30 pm edt bundy chose to wait until the next morning to tell the president mcnamara was briefed at midnight the next morning bundy showed kennedy the u 2 photographs and briefed him on the cia s analysis of the images 76 at 6 30 pm edt kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the national security council and five other key advisers 77 in a group he named the executive committee of the national security council excomm after the fact on 22 october by...