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d many secular and leftist forces who were opposed to ayatollah khomeini s islamic state in iran 1 2 the official name used by the islamic republic is cultural revolution directed by the cultural revolutionary headquarters and later by the supreme council of the cultural revolution the revolution initially closed universities for three years 1980 1983 and after reopening banned many books and purged thousands of students and lecturers from the schools 3 2 the resistance against islamists control at many universities was largely unsuccessful how many students or faculty were killed is not known 1 4 5 the government s process of censoring foreign influences has not been without consequences in addition to interrupting the freedom education and professional livelihood of many and striking a major blow to iran s cultural and intellectual life and achievement it contributed to the emigration of many teachers and technocrats this loss of job skills and capital weakened iran s economy 6 aftermath of the 1979 revolution edit in the early years of the revolution cinemas were either burned or shut down and both iranian and western pop music were banned although iranian and western classical music as well as iranian folk music were allowed public spaces became strictly segregated by gender and dress codes were enforced for both men and women with women facing much stricter restrictions during the pahlavi period dress was regulated at the state level with traditional iranian dress being discouraged and outlawed as it was thought to be an antiquated practice by the shah after pahlavi abdicated the men and women of iran had the freedom to dress how they chose with many educated women choosing not to wear veils the cultural revolution once again mandated specific dress expectations most intensely impacted women 7 the hijab became mandatory for women and girls beginning at 6 despite previous conservative norms being age 9 which is considered the age of religious maturity resistance of these girls and women prolonged the implementation of this demand for several years although women to this day continue to be shamed harmed or killed for disobeying the public hijab expectations the hijab became required for women to access the world outside of their homes and simultaneously women s legal rights in iran were stripped the demonstrations of school children elicited an aggressive response from the state where young girls were targeted inside of their schools for their disobedience to behavioral and physical expectations men also had requirements regarding their appearance with western forms of dress such as neckties no longer encouraged and certain traditional hairstyles expected the necktie was seen as a declaration of non muslim faith and opened men up to intimidation tactics from groups such as the hezb allah party 7 8 censorship was strictly implemented and schools were required to prioritize religious education with recognized religious minorities permitted to include their own faith teachings 9 since february 1979 and prior universities in iran had been important sites for political and ideological debates upon his return ruhollah khomeini praised student activists for their opposition to the shah in the early months following the revolution the islamic republic party irp held significant influence within the universities winning a dominant position in student elections however by early 1980 leftist groups including the mek had replaced the irp in these elections 10 during the electoral campaign the revolutionary council identified the universities as centers of counter revolutionary activity khomeini asserted that all the major problems of the last fifty years could be linked back to the universities which he claimed had been a breeding ground for the gharbzadegi westernization virus spread by academics liberals and other intellectuals 11 specific areas of academia were targeted and restricted such as the rapidly modernized archaeological department at the university of tehran during the 1970s updated practices of archaeology put a focus on comprehensive understanding of past teachings of different ethnicities and had an emphasis on field work during the education process in universities archaeologists of the time were viewed by the islamic regime as being either pro muslim nationalists or anti muslim marxists depending on the teachings aligning with the expected shia law the field of archaeology was significant because it could be weaponized and intentionally misrepresented to justify systematic discrimination and oppression 12 on 18 april 1980 after friday prayers khomeini gave a speech harshly attacking the universities we are not afraid of economic sanctions or military intervention what we are afraid of is western universities and the training of our youth in the interests of west or east 13 his remarks are thought to have served as a signal for an attack that evening on the tehran teachers training college by his supporters the hezbollahi one student was reportedly lynched and according to a british correspondent the campus was left looking like an a combat zone the next day hezbollahis ransacked left wing student offices at shiraz university some 300 students required hospital treatment attacks on student groups also took place at mashad and isfahan universities 14 attacks continued on 21 april and the next day at the universities at ahwaz and rasht over 20 people lost their lives in these university confrontations recorded documents written by members of the supreme council of the cultural revolution and other organizations discuss students and faculty at the universities of iran categorizing them as muslim or a problematic non muslim although this label more so identified them as a cooperative hezbollahi person or not increased pressure would be put on non compliant professors including the threat of the loss of employment public violence or death extensive documentation was kept on lecturers manually recorded during frequent meetings by participants such as the islamic association of students these recordings come from meetings held at the university of tehran s faculty of literatures and humanities discussing topics such as the regime and revolution shia law the oppression of students and faculty and how to engage young people against the leftists within the educational space 15 the universities closed soon after the april confrontation for islamization they were not to open for another two years 14 khamenei during iranian revolution islamization of universities edit the islamization of universities is considered in 3 separate phases the first is regarded as the revolutionary era beginning with the 1979 revolution and continuing through the iran iraq war and included the implementation of policies that resulted in the closing of universities to purify them from western influences institutions transformed during this time reflecting islamic values and expectations the next phase the construction and reform era saw less influence from the state and allowed the universities limited freedoms during this time there was an expansion of enrollment in universities as a greater emphasis on qualified lecturers resurfaced with rafsanjani s government the expansion of enrollment once again rose again during the khatami government despite these movements forward in education the opposition from iran s supreme leader persisted the final phase referred to as the hard liner era saw a return of the heavy influence of islamization required by the state under ahmadinejad higher education continued to grow in number but restrictions that were withdrawn during the reform era saw its return university presidents were selected by the state fundamentalist faculty replaced tenured staff and gender based restrictions were heavily implemented students could be targeted by the ministry of science research and technology msrt for the activism and students could be held back if they did not publicly support the regime this combined with the purification of curriculum taught in universities made a significant impact on the quality of education this era is largely considered the second cultural revolution in iran despite the decades long efforts of the regime the complete islamization of universities within iran is not considered entirely successful 16 the main theme of the movement was to purify the universities and education system of foreign influences and remains a priority to this day in his original letter khomeini wrote set yourselves free from any ism and ist belonging to the east and the west be self dependent and do not expect any help from the foreigners 17 after shutting down the universities on 12 june 1980 khomeini issued a letter stating 18 the need for cultural revolution which is an islamic issue and demand of the muslim nation has been recognized for sometimes but so far no effective effort has been made to respond to this need and the muslim nation and the devoted and faithful students in particular are concerned and are worried of the machinations of plotters which every now and then become evident and the muslim nation are worried that god forbidden the opportunity is missed and no positive action is taken and the culture remains the same as the time of the corrupt regime which the cultured officials put these important centers under the disposal of colonialists continuation of this disaster which is unfortunately the objective of some the foreign oriented groups would deal a heavy blow to islamic revolution and islamic republic and any indifference towards this vital issue would be great treason against islam and the islamic country the committee for islamization of universities carried out the task by ensuring an islamic atmosphere for every subject from engineering to the humanities 19 the headquarters deleted certain courses such as music as fake knowledge and committees came to similar conclusions concerning all subjects in the humanities such as law political sciences economy psychology education and sociology 3 in its early stages the committee included academics such as abdolkarim soroush although he would later become a strong critic of the authoritarian path taken by the islamic republic 13 the 1979 revolution gave power to a number of religious intellectuals who were charged with redefining educational policies and media within the new islamic framework 13 when the institutions reopened purges continued for five more years with special focus on islam s enemies 20 students were screened by committees and those found unfit were not allowed to continue their studies 21 students in the university instructor program for example were required to be practicing muslims to declare their loyalty to the doctrine of the vice regency of the faqih non muslims were required to refrain from behavior offensive to muslims and were excluded from all fields of study except accounting and foreign languages 22 in 1981 mobs in tehran and other provinces began randomly assaulting university campuses they beat and injured students expelled leftists from their offices and paramilitary bases and subsequently took control of the campuses 18 outside of the universities the cultural revolution affected some non academic cultural and scientific figures who it publicly denounced and the broadcasts of iranian radio and television which were now limited to religious and official programs 23 expulsion of baháʼí students and professors from universities edit in universities both at the time of entry and during studies whenever it is established that someone is a baháʼí they must be expelled from the university 24 25 the supreme revolutionary cultural council after the cultural revolution all baháʼí students and professors were expelled from the country s universities and since then baháʼí applicants have been prevented from enrolling in higher education or being employed as university faculty according to a confidential directive of the supreme revolutionary cultural council concerning the baháʼís the system s treatment of them should be in such a way that their progress and development are blocked and furthermore in universities both at the time of entry and during studies whenever it is established that someone is a baháʼí they must be expelled from the university 26 27 although this directive is classified in 2018 the administrative court of justice referred to it when ruling that the complaint of an expelled baháʼí student was invalid stating that baháʼí citizens in addition to being barred from employment in government institutions are also deprived of the right to education in iran 28 influence edit the cultural revolution united the theological schools in qom with state universities and brought secular teachers to qom for a time this had the unexpected result of exposing many students in qom to western thought so that it is possible to find islamic scholars and teachers of theology who know something of contemporary western thought and philosophy another aspect was that many teachers engineers economists doctors and technocrats left iran to escape the cultural revolution 29 this ongoing degradation of the quality of education within iran is referred to as a brain drain with studies showing an average of 150 000 iranians leaving the country yearly the restrictions on employment opportunities afforded to women in iran contribute to this mass exodus of young people with female students consistently outnumbering male students in higher education in the country 30 31 while the revolution achieved its goal of ridding the universities of western influence it also greatly weakened iran in the fields of science and technology needed for development 32 the introduction of materials from across the world and their translations made a significant impact on the culture of iran introducing foreign concepts and bridging gaps between different eastern and western cultures and iran translated materials were used as a tool to help modernize persia during the 1900s primarily focusing on western literature but eventually morphing into introductions of western principles for more than 20 years prior to the 1979 revolution there was a significant increase in the american materials translated and distributed throughout iran as well as the adaptation of persian writers to american forms of writing this also established a connection between iranian and western cultures allowing for a quality access to the world s literary classics 33 the 1979 revolution necessitated a censuring of foreign media imported into iran from western countries such as the changing of taboo terms or replacement omission toning down or substituting of materials that are not aligned with islamic values the islamic republic of iran broadcasting irib regulates foreign translations as the exclusive state media corporation in the nation the chief of irib is selected by the supreme leader and radio a...