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wave of immigrants directly from africa settled in the city coming from over thirty different countries there are an estimated 55 000 african immigrants in philadelphia 20 philadelphia aristocracy edit further information old philadelphians the union league of philadelphia on south broad street in may 2017 by the second half of the 18th century philadelphia had developed an upper class society many of the families that made up the upper class could trace their lineage to the earliest quaker settlers though many of these had subsequently joined the church of england or presbyterian denominations the philadelphia upper class was exclusive what mattered was a person s family not a person s wealth inheritance was better than self made wealth in the late 19th century mark twain observed in boston they ask how much does he know in new york how much is he worth in philadelphia who were his parents 21 a person could not enter philadelphia society by acquisition of wealth but their offspring if they grew up well and married into the right family could create a new lineage if the family stayed respectable 22 in the 18th century the wealth had been built on shipping trade and real estate despite the later generations inheritance they were expected to pursue a career the acceptable careers in philadelphia were medicine and law with insurance banking and brokerage next in line on the ladder of acceptability running the family business was also acceptable especially if it related to iron and steel making coal and the railroads beyond their careers the philadelphia elite strived to have a seat on a board particularly as the chairman of the board business boards such as the boards for the pennsylvania railroad and philadelphia savings fund society were important but so were charitable institutional cultural and social boards 23 the philadelphia upper class engaged in fox hunting race horse breeding attending balls and lavishly entertaining in their townhouses or mansions 21 the elite also joined exclusive clubs such as the state in schuylkill the philadelphia club the philadelphia cricket club and the union league the upper class started with mansions in old city but through the 18th and 19th centuries upper class gradually moved west through center city until the end of the 19th century when much of the upper class moved to large mansions along the philadelphia main line the philadelphia aristocracy lasted well into the 20th century but by the end of the century the old rich families were overwhelmed by the new rich by the late 20th century membership in the upper class was defined less by ancestry and organizations such as the union league began to accept limited numbers of jews catholics african americans and even indians 17 art edit fine art edit charles willson peale s self portrait the artist in his museum now housed in the pennsylvania academy of the fine arts on north broad street in center city prior to the american revolution the upper class increasingly supported the arts particularly by commissioning portrait paintings the demand for portraits made philadelphia attractive to artists and many came to the city including william williams who introduced oil painting to another philadelphia artist benjamin west in 1805 an art collector believing philadelphia the best place for the encouragement of artistic taste offered the city numerous paintings sculptures engravings and other art work to accept the gift the city formed the pennsylvania academy of the fine arts the academy the oldest art school and museum in the united states helped establish many artists portraitist charles willson peale and sculptor william rush helped found the academy of the fine arts and artists such as thomas eakins henry ossawa tanner and some of the members of the philadelphia ten studied there 24 25 notable living artists include pepon osorio allan edmunds and diane burko the city s major art museum the philadelphia museum of art was founded in 1876 to maintain the art exhibits from the centennial exposition the museum holds over 225 000 pieces of artwork including work by vincent van gogh pablo picasso and marcel duchamp 26 not far from the museum of art is the rodin museum the museum founded in 1929 is the largest collection of auguste rodin work outside france 27 nearby are the barnes foundation and calder gardens in 1923 albert c barnes was outraged that his collection of paintings by paul cézanne henri matisse pablo picasso and amedeo modigliani was so poorly received by philadelphians when put on display at the academy of the fine arts that barnes removed the collection and housed it in a building in merion pennsylvania where barnes enjoyed denying access to most philadelphians the controversial decision in 2002 to against barnes wishes expressed in his will move the collection to philadelphia was based on financial reasons 28 in 1991 to promote old city art galleries the old city art association began first fridays on the first friday of every month old city galleries hold a collaborative open house night 27 philadelphia has more public art than any other american city 29 the inclusion of decorative art in philadelphia structures goes back to the 19th century in 1872 the fairmount park art association was created the first private association in the united states dedicated to integrating public art and urban planning 30 the association is responsible for the art along the schuylkill river drives in the late 1950s the philadelphia redevelopment authority included a clause in its development contracts requiring that at least one percent of construction budget be allocated to fine art in 1959 lobbying by the artists equity association helped create the percent for art ordinance the first for a u s city 31 the program which has funded more than 200 pieces of public art is administered by creative philadelphia the city of philadelphia s office of arts and culture the city s art agency 32 creative philadelphia stewards the city s collection of over 1 000 works of public art located in civic spaces and public facilities recreation centers and libraries police and fire stations and the philadelphia international airport 33 creative philadelphia also features work by local artists and cultural organizations inside of philadelphia city hall through its robust art in city hall program as a means to amplify community voices 34 philadelphia has more murals than any other u s city in 1984 the department of recreation created the mural arts program the program an extension of the city s anti graffiti network is intended to beautify neighborhoods and also provide an outlet for graffiti artists the mural arts program which became independent from the anti graffiti network in 1996 has funded more than 2 300 murals created by professional staff and volunteer artists the program also runs art education programs and tours of the murals 27 music edit main article music of philadelphia on july 13 1985 philadelphia hosted live aid one of the nation s largest rock concerts to date featuring black sabbath eric clapton bob dylan a reunion of the three living members of led zeppelin with phil collins on drums madonna the hooters tom petty and the heartbreakers neil young and other major musical acts at john f kennedy stadium in a philanthropic concert to address famine in ethiopia music began to be a major part of city life in the middle of the 18th century organs began to appear in non quaker churches and the city staged its first opera the beggar s opera the city s musical scene grew in the 19th century with the music of william henry fry and the founding of the musical fund society which began underwriting concerts in 1820 the musical fund society begat the academy of music in 1857 which now hosts the philly pops the pennsylvania ballet and the opera company of philadelphia 35 36 founded in 1900 the philadelphia orchestra once called philadelphia s chief contribution to civilization by lawrence gilman of the new york herald rose to prominence with conductors leopold stokowski and eugene ormandy in the middle of the 20th century 37 the orchestra s home was the academy of music until the kimmel center for the performing arts opened in 2001 27 the city developed an early jazz scene with many future best selling artists including john coltrane and charlie biddle coming out of philadelphia in 1952 wfil tv premiered bandstand which in a few years would become american bandstand hosted by dick clark the national success of the show led to rise of local music labels such as swan records cameo parkway and chancellor records the 1960s saw the development of philadelphia soul led by producers kenny gamble and leon huff 38 towards the end of the century philadelphia artists made contribution to hip hop music with artists such as dj jazzy jeff will smith the roots lil uzi vert pnb rock meek mill g love special sauce ot7 quanny and schoolly d 39 philadelphia is also a cultural center for rock music with multiple nationally recognized rock music radio stations including wmmr the now shuttered wysp and others the city is a top tour venue for rock musicians more recently philadelphia has been home to a number of independent alternative musicians dr dog the war on drugs kurt vile nothing band philadelphia slick alex g japanese breakfast clap your hands say yeah and beach slang it is also home to diplo and other edm musicians performing arts edit philadelphia s spiral q puppet theater performing in west philadelphia s clark park in october 2007 in philadelphia s early history the city was visited by outside theater troupes but experienced some resistance from conservatives and quakers who tried to restrict performances the creation of the southwark theatre in philadelphia in 1766 marked the permanent presence of theater in philadelphia theatrical performances were banned during the american revolution but when the ban was repealed in 1784 theater returned and another theater the chestnut street theatre opened a decade later 40 41 over the next century a number of other theaters opened in the city including the walnut street theatre and the forrest theater philadelphia produced several major theater actors including edwin forrest john drew and several members of the barrymore family 42 43 44 the philadelphia theater company founded in 1974 and specializes in new american plays used to perform in the plays and players theatre but moved into the suzanne roberts theatre on the avenue of the arts in 2007 45 pennsylvania s oldest african american theatre is the new freedom theatre located on north broad st other modern theaters include the arden theater company the wilma theater lantern theater company and the university of the arts merriam and arts bank theaters the university of pennsylvania puts on productions at the annenberg center for the performing arts the irvine auditorium and the iron gate theater african american themed plays are put on at the freedom theater and the bushfire theater other theater companies include the adrienne the interact theater company the venture company the mum puppet theater and the new play development conference playpenn every year the philadelphia shakespeare festival performs three shakespeare plays 46 there are an estimated 120 theater organizations in the philadelphia area 46 the theatre alliance of greater philadelphia was formed in 1990 form its predecessor the performing arts league of philadelphia to promote local theater since 1994 the organization has presented the annual barrymore awards for excellence in theater to theater productions in the area 47 dance became a part of philadelphia with the beginning of the philadelphia dancing assemblies in 1748 which remained popular into the 20th century 48 major dancing organizations include the pennsylvania ballet founded in 1963 the pennsylvania ballet performs in the academy of music and the merriam theater 49 the philadelphia dance company phildanco was founded in 1970 and specializes in modern dance 50 the koresh dance company was formed in 1991 and performs choreography that mixes elements of ballet jazz modern dance and other dance forms 51 film and television edit a lubin studios movie set in philadelphia in 1899 on december 18 1895 charles francis jenkins showed off his film projector at the franklin institute it was the first demonstration of moving pictures using flexible film in philadelphia a week later woodville latham s eidoloscope was shown to philadelphia audiences german immigrant and optician siegmund lubin was impressed with the technology and bought jenkins camera in philadelphia he filmed his first film his horse eating hay lubin continued to make films in philadelphia now showing them commercially and built his own cameras and projectors which he marketed in 1902 he eventually created a production company lubin manufacturing company and later opened up some of the city s first movie theaters in 1905 jules mastbaum opened the city s first nickelodeon movie theater 52 lubin studios shut down in 1917 and through most of the 20th century philadelphia had an almost non existent film industry in 1985 the greater philadelphia film office was created as part of the city government in 1992 it became a regional economic office 53 since 1992 the gpfo which promotes the philadelphia region and helps coordinate film productions has assisted in the making of over 200 films and television shows between 1992 and 2002 film productions have brought in us 500 million to the city s economy 27 in 2007 moviemaker magazine named philadelphia the second best city in the nation in which to make a movie citing local talent cost of living and the assistance provided by the philadelphia film office several months after the moviemaker magazine article pacifica ventures announced that it will be opening a film studio in the philadelphia area in 2008 54 philadelphia annually hosts the philadelphia film festival philadelphia qfest and the philadelphia asian american film festival cuisine edit main article cuisine of philadelphia mcgillin s olde ale house founded in 1860 is philadelphia s oldest drinking establishment geno s steaks in 2007 reading terminal market in 2014 philadelphia is the home of many culinary institutions both gourmet and local staples the city s immigrant history has resulted in the development and proliferation of multiple cuisines the most well known food from philadelphia is the cheesesteak created in the 1930s there is a long running feud between two cheesesteak rivals pat s steaks which invented the cheesesteak and geno s steaks however most philadelphians regard this debate as a tourist trap instead opting for local cheesesteak joints 55 italian ice often referred to exclusively as water ice in the philadelphia area and soft pretzels were not invented in philadelphia but because of their popularity and availability have become philadelphia staples 56 philadelphia cream cheese is...