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culture theory wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 overview 2 see also 3 references toggle the table of contents culture theory 11 languages afrikaans العربية deutsch eesti فارسی hausa hrvatski 한국어 português srpskohrvatski српскохрватски slovenčina edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia branch of semiotics and anthropology concerning societal norms behaviors and artifacts this article is about culture for cultural theory see cultural theory of risk not to be confused with cultural studies this article has multiple issues please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page learn how and when to remove these messages this article includes a list of references related reading or external links but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations january 2013 learn how and when to remove this message this article may be too technical for most readers to understand please help improve it to make it understandable to non experts without removing the technical details march 2018 learn how and when to remove this message learn how and when to remove this message culture theory is the branch of comparative anthropology and semiotics that seeks to define the heuristic concept of culture in operational and or scientific terms overview edit in the 19th century culture was used by some to refer to a wide array of human activities and by some others as a synonym for civilization in the 20th century anthropologists began theorizing about culture as an object of scientific analysis some used it to distinguish human adaptive strategies from the largely instinctive adaptive strategies of animals including the adaptive strategies of other primates and non human hominids whereas others used it to refer to symbolic representations and expressions of human experience with no direct adaptive value both groups understood culture as being definitive of human nature according to some theories that have gained acceptance among anthropologists culture exhibits the way that humans interpret their biology and their environment according to this point of view culture becomes such an integral part of human existence that it is the human environment and most cultural change can be attributed to human adaptation to historical events moreover given that culture is seen as the primary adaptive mechanism of humans and takes place much faster than human biological evolution most cultural change can be viewed as culture adapting to itself although most anthropologists try to define culture in such a way that it separates human beings from other animals many human traits are similar to those of other animals particularly the traits of other primates for example chimpanzees have big brains but human brains are bigger similarly bonobos exhibit complex sexual behaviour but human beings exhibit much more complex sexual behaviours as such anthropologists often debate whether human behaviour is different from animal behaviour in degree rather than in kind they must also find ways to distinguish cultural behaviour from sociological behaviour and psychological behavior acceleration and amplification of these various aspects of culture change have been explored by complexity economist w brian arthur in his book the nature of technology arthur attempts to articulate a theory of change that considers that existing technologies or material culture are combined in unique ways that lead to novel new technologies behind that novel combination is a purposeful effort arising in human motivation this articulation would suggest that we are just beginning to understand what might be required for a more robust theory of culture and culture change one that brings coherence across many disciplines and reflects an integrating elegance see also edit part of a series on anthropology outline history types archaeological biological cultural linguistic social archaeological aerial aviation battlefield biblical bioarchaeological environmental ethnoarchaeological experimental feminist forensic maritime paleoethnobotanical zooarchaeological biological anthrozoological biocultural evolutionary forensic molecular neurological nutritional paleoanthropological primatological social cultural applied art christian cognitive cyborg development digital ecological environmental economic political economy feminist food historical human rights organizations kinship legal media medical museums musical political psychological public religion symbolic transpersonal urban visual linguistic anthropological descriptive ethnological ethnopoetical historical ideology semiotic sociological research framework anthropometry ethnography cyber ethnology cross cultural comparison participant observation holism reflexivity thick description cultural relativism ethnocentrism emic and etic key concepts culture development ethnicity evolution sociocultural gender kinship and descent meme prehistory race society value colonialism postcolonialism key theories actor network theory alliance theory boasian anthropology cross cultural studies cultural materialism culture theory diffusionism feminism functionalism historical particularism historical materialism interpretive performance studies political economy practice theory structuralism post structuralism systems theory lists anthropologists by nationality anthropology by year bibliography journals list of indigenous peoples organizations v t e cultural studies culturology cultural behavior culture industry critical theory dual inheritance theory engaged theory intercultural relations popular culture studies semiotics of culture structuralism tartu moscow semiotic school references edit groh arnold a theories of culture routledge london 2020 ogburn william f social change 1922 reprint dell new york 1966 rogers g f c the nature of the engineering a philosophy of technology palgrave macmillan london 1983 schumpeter joseph the theory of economic development 1912 reprint harvard university press cambridge massachusetts 1966 1934 v t e culture outline sciences cultural anthropology cultural astronomy cultural ecology cultural geography cultural neuroscience cultural studies culturology culture theory subfields bioculture cross cultural studies cross cultural communication cross cultural leadership cross cultural psychiatry cross cultural psychology cultural analytics cultural economics cultural entomology cultural history cultural mapping cultural mediation cultural psychology cultural values culturomics intercultural learning intercultural relations philosophy of culture popular culture studies postcritique semiotics of culture sociology of culture sound culture theology of culture transcultural nursing types constructed culture dominant culture folk culture high culture individualistic culture legal culture microculture official culture political culture civic popular culture low culture media culture recombinant culture remix culture trash culture urban primitive culture resistance through culture subculture alternative culture counterculture fandom underground culture youth subculture list super culture supporter culture vernacular culture culture by location aspects acculturation cultural appreciation cultural appropriation cultural area cultural artifact cultural baggage cultural bias cultural capital cross cultural cultural communication cultural conflict cultural cringe cultural dissonance cultural framework cultural heritage destroyed cultural icon cultural identity cultural industry cultural invention cultural landscape cultural learning cultural leveling cultural memory cultural pluralism cultural practice cultural property cultural reproduction cultural system cultural technology cultural universal cultureme enculturation high and low context cultures high trust and low trust societies interculturality material culture non material culture protoculture relational mobility safety culture symbolic culture trans cultural diffusion transculturation politics colonial mentality cross cultural sensitivity cultural assimilation cultural attaché cultural backwardness cultural contracts cultural deprivation cultural diplomacy cultural exception cultural genocide cultural globalization cultural hegemony cultural imperialism cultural intelligence cultural nationalism cultural pessimism cultural policy cultural racism cultural radicalism cultural retention cultural revolution cultural rights cultural safety cultural silence cultural subsidy culture change culture minister culture of fear culture war deculturalization dominator culture interculturalism monoculturalism multiculturalism biculturalism multiracial democracy pluriculturalism polyculturalism transculturism specific cultures geographical eastern culture western culture media organizational culture assessment culture design culture journalism culture manuscript culture media culture print culture technoculture cyberculture internet culture visual culture political bolshevism capitalism conservatism environmentalism far right feminism liberalism zionism religious buddhism christianity catholicism cultural christians protestantism role of christianity in civilization eastern orthodoxy mormonism cultural hindus islam cultural muslims judaism sikhism other algorithmic culture animal culture archaeological culture cringe culture disability culture deaf culture drinking culture drug culture cannabis culture oppositional culture participatory culture permission culture rape culture tea culture related bennett scale circuit of culture civilization coffee culture cross cultural cultural center cultural competence cultural critic cultural determinism cultural diversity cultural evolutionism cultural homogenization cultural institution cultural jet lag cultural lag cultural literacy cultural mosaic cultural movement cultural mulatto cultural probe cultural relativism cultural tourism pop culture cultural translation cultural turn cultural sensibility culture and menstruation culture and positive psychology culture and social cognition culture gap culture hero culture industry culture shock culturgen children s culture culturalism death and culture emotions and culture free culture movement historical culture intercultural communication intercultural competence languaculture living things in culture transformation of culture urban culture welfare culture youth culture category v t e sub fields of and approaches to human geography sub fields behavioral cognitive critical cultural animal children s economic agricultural cyber development financial histo economic labor marketing retail theoretical economic transport language linguistics music vernacular moral psychological emotional neo sexuality religion food health historical palaeo imagined internet political critical geopolitics electoral geopolitics strategic military population settlement regional urban music transport social tourism tropical approaches critical culture theory feminist marxist modernism structuralism semiotics non representational theory postmodernism post structuralism deconstruction scientific method time universalism category authority control databases gnd retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title culture_theory oldid 1315140030 categories cultural anthropology cultural studies theories hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles lacking in text citations from january 2013 all articles lacking in text citations wikipedia articles that are too technical from march 2018 all articles that are too technical articles with multiple maintenance issues this page was last edited on 5 october 2025 at 02 05 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents culture theory 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