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the (244), curia (72), and (60), curiae (45), was (40), roman (27), edit (21), for (21), #senate (19), other (19), that (16), were (14), also (14), temple (13), which (13), with (12), rome (12), from (11), assembly (11), forum (11), this (10), caesar (10), history (10), empire (10), richardson (10), 1992 (10), julia (9), veteres (9), its (9), known (9), had (9), wikipedia (8), new (8), have (8), been (8), church (8), comitia (8), curiata (8), republic (7), ancient (7), basilica (7), press (7), where (7), court (7), each (7), times (7), latin (6), medieval (6), house (6), oxford (6), building (6), university (6), council (6), one (6), place (6), such (6), see (6), main (6), but (6), however (6), meeting (6), existed (6), not (6), may (5), page (5), articles (5), law (5), varro (5), maximus (5), magistrates (5), augustus (5), arch (5), dictionary (5), palestine (5), vol (5), catholic (5), sulla (5), called (5), their (5), are (5), body (5), century (5), article (5), municipal (5), 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he election of magistrates with imperium to witness the installation of priests the making of wills and to carry out certain adoptions the term is more broadly used to designate an assembly council or court in which public official or religious issues are discussed and decided lesser curiae existed for other purposes the word curia also came to denote the places of assembly especially of the senate similar institutions existed in other towns and cities of italy in medieval times a king s council was often referred to as a curia today the most famous curia is the curia that assists the pope in the hierarchical government of the catholic church 2 origins edit the word curia is thought to derive from old latin coviria meaning a gathering of men co together vir man 3 in this sense any assembly public or private could be called a curia in addition to the roman curiae voting assemblies known as curiae existed in other towns of latium and similar institutions existed in other parts of italy during the republic local curiae were established in italian and provincial municipia and coloniae in imperial times local magistrates were often elected by municipal senates which also came to be known as curiae by extension the word curia came to mean not just a gathering but also the place where an assembly would gather such as a meeting house 4 roman curiae edit in roman times curia had two principal meanings originally it applied to the wards of the comitia curiata however over time the name became applied to the senate house which in its various incarnations housed meetings of the roman senate from the time of the kings until the beginning of the seventh century ad comitia curiata edit main article curiate assembly the most important curiae at rome were the 30 that together made up the comitia curiata traditionally ascribed to the kings each of the three tribes established by romulus the ramnes tities and luceres was divided into ten curiae in theory each gens family clan belonged to a particular curia although whether this was strictly observed throughout roman history is uncertain 4 5 each curia had a distinct name said to have been derived from the names of some of the sabine women abducted by the romans in the time of romulus however some of the curiae evidently derived their names from particular districts or eponymous heroes 5 the curiae were probably established geographically representing specific neighborhoods in rome for which reason curia is sometimes translated as ward 4 only a few of the names of the 30 curiae have been preserved including acculeia calabra faucia foriensis rapta veliensis tifata and titia 6 5 the assertion that the plebeians were not members of the curiae or that only the dependents clientes of the patricians were admitted and not entitled to vote is expressly contradicted by dionysius 7 this argument is also refuted by mommsen 8 each curia had its own sacra in which its members known as curiales worshipped the gods of the state and other deities specific to the curia with their own rites and ceremonies 9 each curia had a meeting site and place of worship named after the curia 4 originally this may have been a simple altar then a sacellum and finally a meeting house 5 the curia was presided over by a curio pl curiones who was always at least 50 years old and was elected for life 4 the curio undertook the religious affairs of the curia he was assisted by another priest known as the flamen curialis 5 when the 30 curiae gathered to make up the comitia curiata they were presided over by a curio maximus who until 209 bc was always a patrician 4 5 originally the curio maximus was probably elected by the curiones but in later times by the people themselves 5 each curia was attended by one lictor an assembly of the comitia curiata was attended by thirty lictors 5 10 the comitia curiata voted to confirm the election of magistrates by passing a law called the lex curiata de imperio it also witnessed the installation of priests and adoptions and the making of wills the pontifex maximus may have presided over these ceremonies 4 the assembly probably possessed much greater authority before the establishment of the comitia centuriata which gradually assumed many of the curiate assembly s original functions 4 meeting places edit a curia could also be a building in which assemblies were held such as for the senate however curiae for other municipal organisations also existed such as the curia athletarum which was the headquarters of organised sport at rome as well as some temples for worship 11 all places at which the senate met were templum an inaugurated space 12 some of them where also called curiae 13 as was the senate itself by metonymy 14 senate houses in the forum edit this coin shows the chalcidicum in front of the curia julia of augustus day rendering of the diocletanic curia julia as it would have appeared as built the diocletanic curia julia stands to the present the most well known of the senate houses are those which were erected in the roman forum the first known is the curia hostilia which was the original senate house according to varro it was built by tullus hostilius but it likely at various times had been rebuilt due to fire 15 aligned with the cardinal points and located north of the comitium with that assembly place as essentially a forecourt it was expanded by the dictator lucius cornelius sulla in 80 bc in 52 bc it burned during the riotous funeral of publius clodius pulcher following which it was rebuilt and expanded by faustus sulla son of the dictator the name curia cornelia has been ascribed to both mens curiae but that appellation is not attested in ancient sources 16 it was decided to demolish faustus sulla s curia in 44 bc as part of julius caesar s forum renovations 17 the reasons for its demolition are not entirely clear dio claims that the senate wished to erase the memory of sulla another claim that the site was to be used for a temple to felicitas is not supported archaeologically 18 caesar s renovation plans included the construction of a new curia julia however caesar was assassinated before it could be completed it was eventually completed in 29 bc by octavian caesar s heir with a chalcidicum a porch covered colonnade before it the emperor domitian had it rebuilt as part of the construction of the forum transitorium likely also moving to its current position at an angle from the rest of the forum the domitianic curia julia was destroyed in ad 283 by fire during the reign of carinus 19 the building approximately 25 20 by 17 61 metres 82 7 ft 57 8 ft that still stands was built by the emperor diocletian it was converted into a church by pope honorius i r ad 625 638 but was deconsecrated and restored to its ancient form in 1935 38 the bronze doors of the diocletianic structure however were removed to the archbasilica of saint john lateran in the 17th century 20 other senate houses edit other curia for senatorial use also existed around rome the curia pompeii the curia of pompey was constructed as part of pompey s theatre and was the location where julius caesar was assassinated the curia in palatio probably the library of palatine apollo was commonly used for senate meetings late in the reign of augustus 21 a curia pompiliana is also discussed in the historia augusta though this is usually identified with the curia julia 22 curiae veteres edit the curiae veteres was the earliest sanctuary of the thirty curiae it is discussed by both varro and by tacitus who mentions it as one point of the palatine pomerium of roma quadrata 23 it is probable that this shrine was located at the northeast corner of the palatine hill its remains have likely been identified in excavations carried out by clementina panella 24 as the republic continued the curiae grew too large to meet conveniently at the curiae veteres and a new meeting place the curiae novae was constructed a few of the curiae continued to meet at the curiae veteres due to specific religious obligations 25 26 municipal curiae edit main article local government ancient roman in the roman empire a town council was known as a curia or sometimes an ordo or boule the existence of such a governing body was the mark of an independent city municipal curiae were co optive and their members the decurions sat for life their numbers varied greatly according to the size of the city in the western empire one hundred seems to have been a common number but in the east five hundred was customary on the model of the athenian boule however by the fourth century curial duties had become onerous and it was difficult to fill all the posts often candidates had to be nominated the emperor constantine exempted christians from serving in the curiae which led to many rich pagans claiming to be priests in order to escape these duties 27 other curiae edit the concept of the curia as a governing body or the court where such a body met carried on into medieval times both as a secular institution and in the church medieval curiae edit main article curia regis in medieval times a king s court was frequently known as the curia regis consisting of the king s chief magnates and councilors in england the curia regis gradually developed into parliament in france the curia regis or conseil du roi developed in the twelfth century with the term gradually becoming applied to a judicial body and falling out of use by the fourteenth century catholic church edit see also roman curia and diocesan chancery in the catholic church each diocese has its own curia while the administrative body of the holy see is known as the roman curia it is through the latter curia that the roman pontiff conducts the business of the church as a whole 2 the second vatican council s decree concerning the pastoral office of bishops in the church 1965 observed that the most important office in the diocesan curia is that of vicar general other people will staff the curia both lay and ordained all should realize that they are making a helpful contribution to the pastoral ministry of the bishop 28 the roles of curial staff will often mirror those of staff in a business including finance communications and human resources 29 among older religious orders the governing council of the superior general or regional superior and his or her assistants is referred to their curia citation needed modern usage edit emblem of the court of justice of the european union the court of justice of the european union uses curia in roman script in its official emblem the term curia may refer to separate electoral colleges in a system of reserved political positions reserved seats e g during the british mandate of palestine at the third election 1931 of the asefat hanivharim there were three curiae for the ashkenazi jews the sephardi jews and for the yemeni jews 30 31 32 33 in the united states supreme court an interested third party to a case may file a brief as an amicus curiae 34 under the fundamental law adopted in 2011 hungary s supreme court is called the curia the federal palace of switzerland the seat of the swiss confederation bears the inscription curia confœderationis helveticæ see also edit constitution of the roman republic bouleuterion altar of victory references edit see palmer robert e a 1970 the archaic community of the romans cambridge university press for an ambitious reconstruction 1 2 1983 code of canon law can 360 webster s third new international dictionary 1966 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 oxford classical dictionary 2nd ed 1970 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 harper s dictionary of classical literature and antiquities second edition harry thurston peck editor 1897 marcus terentius varro de lingua latina libri xxv dionysius of halicarnassus romaike archaiologia iv 12 20 christian matthias theodor mommsen römische forschungen sextus pompeius festus epitome of marcus verrius flaccus de verborum significatu marcus tullius cicero de lege agraria contra rullum richardson 1992 pp 101 6 noting the curiae acculeia calabra next to the casa romuli novae octaviae saliorum colinorum saliorum palatinorum tifata and veteres as temples for the various curiate divisions lintott 1999 p 72 richardson 1992 p 105 citing varro ling 5 155 for the statement that there were two sorts of curia one being a place such as the curiae veteres where priests attended to matters of religion the other a place where the senate attended to human affairs curia oxford latin dictionary vol 1 oxford university press 1968 p 474 via internet archive richardson 1992 p 102 noting it must have been rebuilt after the gallic sack voter en grèce à rome et en gaule pratiques lieux et finalités lyon mom éditions 2019 p 285 n 47 isbn 978 2 35668 062 4 le nom de curia cornelia n est pas attesté dans les textes richardson 1992 p 102 richardson 1992 pp 102 3 citing dio 44 5 2 richardson 1992 p 104 indicating that gellius 14 7 7 still called the post domitianic building julia richardson 1992 p 103 richardson 1992 p 104 citing for the curia in palatio suetonius iulius 29 3 richardson 1992 p 104 tac annales 12 24 c panella curiae veteres nuovi dati sulla frequentazione del santuario in età tardo repubblicana scienze dell antichità storia archeologia antropologia 25 fasc 1 p 41 71 2019 cil vi 975 a f ferrandes 2013 il ripristino delle curiae veteres in scavare nel centro di roma storia uomini paesaggi edited by c panella 118 23 rome a h m jones the later roman empire p 724 second vatican council christus dominus section 27 published on 28 october 1965 accessed on 20 august 2026 catholic diocese of northampton curia quick contact list accessed on 20 august 2026 fannie fern andrews the holy land under mandate boston and new york houghton mifflin company the riverside press cambridge 1931 2 vol ch xiv building a jewish corporate life vol ii 1 32 moshe burstein self government of the jews in palestine since 1900 tel aviv hapoel hatzair 1934 esco foundation for palestine inc palestine a study of jewish arab and british policies new haven yale university press 1947 2 vol the growth and organization of the jewish community vol ii 404 414 jacob c hurewitz the struggle for palestine new york norton and company 1950 ch 3 the political structure of the yishuv 38 50 amicus curiae bibliography edit lintott andrew 1999 the constitution of the roman republic oxford oxford university press isbn 0 19 926108 3 reprinted 2003 2009 richardson l 1992 a new topographical dictionary of ancient rome johns hopkins university press isbn 978 0 8018 4300 6 further reading edit bond sarah e 2014 curial communiqué memory propaganda and the roman senate house aspects of ancient institutions and geography studies in honor of richard j a talbert impact of empire 19 edited by lee l brice and daniëlle slootjes leiden brill 84 102 crofton sleigh lissa 2018 the curia in aeneid 7 illinois classical studies 43 1 gorski gilbert j and james e packer 2015 the roman forum a reconstruction and architectural guide new york cambridge...
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