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s may extend these two fingers away from the ball to prevent interference during the throwing motion the grip and throwing mechanics of the curveball closely resemble those of the slider the delivery of a curveball is entirely different from that of most other pitches the pitcher at the top of the throwing arc will snap the arm and wrist in a downward motion the ball first leaves contact with the thumb and tumbles over the index finger thus imparting the forward or top spin characteristic of a curveball the result is the exact opposite pitch of the four seam fastball s backspin but with all four seams rotating in the direction of the flight path with forward spin with the axis of rotation perpendicular to the intended flight path much like a reel mower or a bowling ball the amount of break on the ball depends on how hard the pitcher can snap the throw off or how much forward spin can be put on the ball the harder the snap the more the pitch will break curveballs primarily break downwards but can also break toward the pitcher s off hand to varying degrees unlike the fastball the apex of the ball s flight path arc does not necessarily need to occur at the pitcher s release point and often peaks shortly afterwards curveballs are thrown with considerably less speed than fastballs because of both the unnatural delivery of the ball and the general rule that pitches thrown with less speed will break more 2 a typical curveball in the major collegiate level and above will average between 65 and 80 mph with the average mlb curve as of the 2025 mlb season being approximately 80 5 mph 3 4 from a hitter s perspective a curveball initially appears to travel toward a specific location often high in the strike zone above the batter s waist before rapidly dropping as it approaches the plate the most effective curveballs begin breaking at the apex of their flight path and continue to break increasingly sharply as they approach and pass through the strike zone a curveball that lacks sufficient spin will fail to break significantly and is commonly referred to as a hanging curve these pitches are particularly disadvantageous for pitchers as their low speed and minimal movement often leave them high in the strike zone making them easy for hitters to time and drive with power diagram of the movement of a thrown curveball the curveball is a popular and effective pitch in professional baseball but it is not particularly widespread in leagues with players younger than college level this is with regard for the safety of the pitcher not because of its difficulty though the pitch is widely considered difficult to learn as it requires some degree of mastery and the ability to pinpoint the thrown ball s location there is generally a greater chance of throwing wild pitches when throwing the curveball when thrown correctly it could have a break from seven to as much as 20 inches in comparison to the same pitcher s fastball 5 safety edit due to the unnatural motion required to throw it the curveball is considered a more advanced pitch and poses inherent risk of injury to a pitcher s elbow and shoulder there has been a controversy as reported in the new york times march 12 2012 about whether curveballs alone are responsible for injuries in young pitchers or whether the number of pitches thrown is the predisposing factor 6 in theory allowing time for the cartilage and tendons of the arm to fully develop would protect against injuries while acquisition of proper form might be protective physician james andrews is quoted in the article as stating that in many children insufficient neuromuscular control lack of proper mechanics and fatigue make maintenance of proper form unlikely the parts of the arm most commonly injured by the curveball are the ligaments in the elbow the biceps and the forearm muscles 7 major elbow injury requires repair through elbow ligament reconstruction or tommy john surgery variations edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed march 2018 learn how and when to remove this message curveballs have a variety of trajectories and breaks among pitchers this chiefly has to do with the arm slot and release point of a given pitcher which is in turn governed by how comfortable the pitcher is throwing the overhand curveball pitchers who can throw a curveball completely overhanded with the arm slot more or less vertical will have a curveball that will break straight downwards this is called a 12 6 curveball as the break of the pitch is on a straight path downwards like the hands of a clock at 12 and 6 the axis of rotation of a 12 6 curve is parallel with the level ground and perpendicular to its flight path pitchers throwing their curveballs with the arm slot at an angle will throw a curveball that breaks down and toward the pitcher s off hand in the most extreme cases the curve will break very wide laterally because the slider and the curveball share nearly the same grip and have the same unique throwing motions this curveball breaks much like a slider and is colloquially termed a slurve the axis of rotation on a slurve will still be more or less perpendicular to the flight path of the ball unlike on a 12 6 curve however the axis of rotation will not be parallel to the level ground with some pitchers the difference between curveball and other pitches such as slider and slurve may be difficult to detect or even describe a less common term for this type of curveball is a 1 7 outdrop outcurve dropping roundhouse or 2 8 sweeping roundhouse curveball a curveball that spins on a vertical axis perpendicular to its flight path producing complete side spin 3 9 for a right handed pitcher or 9 3 for a left handed pitcher is commonly referred to as a sweeping curveball flat curveball or frisbee curveball while this pitch still drops due to gravity the absence of significant topspin results in less vertical movement compared to other curveballs such as the 12 6 1 7 11 5 or 2 8 10 4 varieties side spin typically occurs when a pitcher throws with a sidearm or low three quarter arm angle though it can also result from a higher arm slot if the pitcher twists their hand causing the fingers to move around the side of the ball rather than over the top this twisting motion is believed to increase the risk of arm injuries particularly near the elbow by contrast a slider s spin axis is nearly parallel to the ball s flight path similar to the rotation of a football or bullet but slightly tilted upward toward 12 o clock when the spin axis shifts to 1 o clock or 2 o clock the pitch becomes a slurve a slurve often occurs when a pitcher applies excessive force to a curveball with insufficient finesse resulting in a slight pronation at the release point rather than a full supination alternatively a slurve can develop from over supination when throwing a slider leading to what is sometimes referred to as a slurvy slider a slurvy slider thrown with the same speed as a power slider typically 5 8 mph slower than a fastball may exhibit greater lateral break physics edit generally the magnus effect describes the laws of physics that make a curveball curve a fastball travels through the air with backspin which creates a higher pressure zone in the air ahead of and under the baseball the baseball s raised seams augment the ball s ability to develop a boundary layer and therefore a greater differential of pressure between the upper and lower zones the effect of gravity is partially counteracted as the ball rides on and into increased pressure thus the fastball falls less than a ball thrown without spin neglecting knuckleball effects during the 60 feet 6 inches it travels to home plate on the other hand a curveball thrown with topspin creates a higher pressure zone on top of the ball which deflects the ball downward in flight instead of counteracting gravity the curveball adds additional downward force thereby giving the ball an exaggerated drop in flight 8 real or illusion edit there was once a debate on whether a curveball actually curves or is an optical illusion in 1949 ralph b lightfoot an aeronautical engineer at sikorsky aircraft used wind tunnel tests to prove that a curveball curves 9 on whether a curveball is caused by an illusion baseball hall of fame pitcher dizzy dean has been quoted in a number of variations on this basic premise stand behind a tree 60 feet away and i will whomp you with an optical illusion however optical illusion caused by the ball s spinning may play an important part in what makes curveballs difficult to hit the curveball s trajectory is smooth but the batter perceives a sudden dramatic change in the ball s direction when an object that is spinning and moving through space is viewed directly the overall motion is interpreted correctly by the brain however as it enters the peripheral vision the internal spinning motion distorts how the overall motion is perceived a curveball s trajectory begins in the centre of the batter s vision but overlaps with peripheral vision as it approaches the plate which may explain the suddenness of the break perceived by the batter 10 11 12 13 a peer reviewed article on this hypothesis was published in 2010 14 nicknames edit popular nicknames for the curveball include the bender and the hook both describing the trajectory of the pitch as well as the yakker and uncle charlie new york mets pitcher dwight gooden threw a curve so deadly that it was nicknamed lord charles and the great hitter bill madlock called it the yellow hammer apparently because it came down like a hammer and was too yellow to get hit by a bat because catchers frequently use two fingers to signal for a curve the pitch is also referred to as the deuce or number two 15 history edit candy cummings a star pitcher in the 1860s and 1870s is widely credited with inventing the curveball in his biography of cummings stephen katz provides proof 16 several other pitchers of cummings s era claimed to have invented the curveball one was fred goldsmith goldsmith maintained that he gave a demonstration of the pitch on august 16 1870 at the capitoline grounds in brooklyn new york and that renowned sportswriter henry chadwick had covered it in the brooklyn eagle on august 17 1870 however stephen katz in his biography of cummings shows that goldsmith s claim was not credible and that goldsmith s reference to an article by chadwick in the brooklyn eagle was likely fabricated 17 other claimants to invention of the curveball are shown by katz to have gotten the curveball only after cummings or not to have been pitching curveballs 18 john thorn the official baseball historian of major league baseball 19 credits joseph mcelroy mann of princeton university as the first known college baseball player to master the curveball 20 21 about 1872 another princeton man james winthrop hageman of the class of 1872 was reputed to be a curve ball pitcher but it was his change of pace that fooled the batsmen it was not until mac mann made a scientific study of the art that players began to realize its full value the fact that so many professionals seemed ignorant of curve pitching and hurried to see mann proves conclusively that the princetonian was the first to use the curve with any judgment and control over the ball mann is also credited with pitching the first no run no hit game in the annals of baseball in 1876 the second known collegiate baseball player to perfect the curveball was clarence emir allen of western reserve college now known as case western reserve university where he never lost a game 22 both allen and teammate pitcher john p barden became famous for employing the curve in the late 1870s 23 in the early 1880s clinton scollard 1860 1932 a pitcher from hamilton college in new york became famous for his curve ball and later earned fame as a prolific american poet 24 in 1885 st nicholas a children s magazine featured a story entitled how science won the game it told of how a boy pitcher mastered the curveball to defeat the opposing batters 25 the new york clipper reported of a september 26 1863 game at princeton university then the college of new jersey that f p henry s slow pitching with a great twist to the ball achieved a victory over fast pitching however katz in his biography of cummings explains that henry was not actually pitching curveballs 26 harvard president charles eliot was among those opposed to the curve claiming it was a dishonest practice unworthy of harvard students 27 28 at an athletics conference at yale university in 1884 a speaker thought to be from harvard likely charles eliot norton a cousin of the harvard president 29 was reported to have stated for the pitcher instead of delivering the ball to the batter in an honest straightforward way that the latter may exert his strength to the best advantage in knocking it now uses every effort to deceive him by curving i think that is the word the ball and this is looked upon as the last triumph of athletic science and skill i tell you it is time to call halt when the boasted progress in athletics is in the direction of fraud and deceit 30 in the past major league pitchers tommy bridges bob feller virgil trucks herb score camilo pascual sandy koufax bert blyleven nolan ryan and the aforementioned dwight gooden were regarded as having outstanding curveballs clayton kershaw a pitcher for the los angeles dodgers was known for having one of the most successful curveballs of all time 31 see also edit baseball portal biomechanics of baseball pitching references edit mccarthy leslie gibson 2019 03 26 the physics of baseball the source retrieved 2025 11 08 pitching 101 pdf seattle post intelligencer archived from the original pdf on 2009 03 24 curve ball grip efastball com 2009 07 26 archived from the original on 2017 07 24 retrieved 2013 02 16 fantasy baseball articles rotowire mlb www rotowire com retrieved 2026 06 26 holy mother of strasburg with pitch f x hardballtimes com 2010 06 09 retrieved 2010 10 27 bill pennington 2012 03 11 young arms and curveballs a scientific twist the new york times bill thurston 2008 age to teach the curve ball and how to teach it baseball articles com archived from the original on 2009 02 14 retrieved 2009 01 29 kalk josh 2008 05 14 anatomy of a pitch curveball the hardball times retrieved 2026 05 19 pitching science engineers who track baseballs catch insights into the game phschool com 2001 06 09 retrieved 2010 10 27 2009finalist 2009 05 10 2009 vision sciences meeting curveball demo wins illusion contest illusioncontest neuralcorrelate com archived from the original on 2010 10 27 retrieved 2010 10 27 cite web cs1 maint numeric names authors list link revealed why curveballs are so hard to hit new scientist 2009 06 07 retrieved 2010 10 27 a curveball s curve it s all in your head wired 2010 10 19 retrieved 2010 10 27 breaking curveball too good to be tr...