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story of cynicism like no other figure he originally went to athens fleeing his home city after he and his father who was in charge of the mint at sinope got into trouble for falsifying the coinage 40 the phrase defacing the currency later became proverbial in describing diogenes rejection of conventional values 41 later tradition claimed that diogenes became the disciple of antisthenes 42 but it is by no means certain that they ever met 43 44 45 diogenes did however adopt antisthenes teachings and the ascetic way of life pursuing a life of self sufficiency autarkeia austerity askēsis and shamelessness anaideia 46 there are many anecdotes about his extreme asceticism sleeping in a tub 47 his shameless behaviour eating raw meat 48 and his criticism of conventional society bad people obey their lusts as servants obey their masters 49 and although it is impossible to tell which of these stories are true they do illustrate the broad character of the man including an ethical seriousness 50 crates of thebes edit crates and hipparchia an antique fresco from rome crates of thebes c 365 c 285 bc is the third figure who dominates cynic history he is notable because he renounced a large fortune to live a life of cynic poverty in athens 51 he is said to have been a pupil of diogenes 52 but again this is uncertain 53 crates married hipparchia of maroneia after she had fallen in love with him and together they lived like beggars on the streets of athens 54 where crates was treated with respect 55 crates later fame apart from his unconventional lifestyle lies in the fact that he became the teacher of zeno of citium the founder of stoicism 56 the cynic strain to be found in early stoicism such as zeno s own radical views on sexual equality spelled out in his republic can be ascribed to crates influence 57 other cynics edit there were many other cynics in the 4th and 3rd centuries bc including onesicritus who sailed with alexander the great to india the skeptic monimus the moral satirist bion of borysthenes the legislator cercidas of megalopolis the diatribist teles and menippus of gadara however with the rise of stoicism in the 3rd century bc cynicism as a serious philosophical activity underwent a decline 3 58 and it is not until the roman era that cynicism underwent a revival in the first century ad 59 cynicism in the roman world edit diogenes sitting in his tub 1860 by jean léon gérôme there is little record of cynicism in the 2nd or 1st centuries bc cicero c 50 bc who was much interested in greek philosophy had little to say about cynicism except that it is to be shunned for it is opposed to modesty without which there can be neither right nor honor 60 however by the 1st century ce cynicism reappeared with full force the rise of imperial rome like the greek loss of independence under philip ii and alexander three centuries earlier may have led to a sense of powerlessness and frustration among many people which allowed a philosophy which emphasized self sufficiency and inner happiness to flourish once again 61 lucian complained that cynics could be found throughout the empire standing on street corners preaching about virtue writing that every city is filled with such upstarts particularly with those who enter the names of diogenes antisthenes and crates as their patrons and enlist in the army of the dog 62 and aelius aristides observed that they frequent the doorways talking more to the doorkeepers than to the masters making up for their lowly condition by using impudence 63 the most notable representative of cynicism in the 1st century ce was demetrius whom seneca praised as a man of consummate wisdom though he himself denied it constant to the principles which he professed of an eloquence worthy to deal with the mightiest subjects 64 cynicism in rome was both the butt of the satirist and the ideal of the thinker in the 2nd century ce lucian whilst pouring scorn on the cynic philosopher peregrinus proteus 65 nevertheless praised his own cynic teacher demonax in a dialogue 66 cynicism came to be seen as an idealised form of stoicism a view which led epictetus to eulogise the ideal cynic in a lengthy discourse 67 according to epictetus the ideal cynic must know that he is sent as a messenger from zeus to people concerning good and bad things to show them that they have wandered 68 unfortunately for epictetus many cynics of the era did not live up to the ideal consider the present cynics who are dogs that wait at tables and in no respect imitate the cynics of old except perchance in breaking wind 69 unlike stoicism which declined as an independent philosophy after the 2nd century ce cynicism seems to have thrived into the 4th century 70 the emperor julian ruled 361 363 like epictetus praised the ideal cynic and complained about the actual practitioners of cynicism 71 the final cynic noted in classical history is sallustius of emesa in the late 5th century 72 a student of the neoplatonic philosopher isidore of alexandria he devoted himself to living a life of cynic asceticism citation needed cynicism and christianity edit coptic icon of saint anthony of the desert an early christian ascetic early christian asceticism may have been influenced by cynicism 73 jesus as a cynic edit some historians have noted the similarities between the teachings of jesus and those of the cynics some scholars have argued that the q document a hypothetical common source for the gospels of matthew and luke has strong similarities to the teachings of the cynics 74 75 scholars on the quest for the historical jesus such as burton l mack and john dominic crossan of the jesus seminar have argued that 1st century ad galilee was a world in which hellenistic ideas collided with jewish thought and traditions the city of gadara only a day s walk from nazareth was particularly notable as a centre of cynic philosophy 76 and mack has described jesus as a rather normal cynic type figure 77 for crossan jesus was more like a cynic sage from a hellenistic jewish tradition than either a christ who would die as a substitute for sinners or a messiah who wanted to establish an independent jewish state of israel 78 other scholars doubt that jesus was deeply influenced by the cynics and see the jewish prophetic tradition as of much greater importance 79 cynic influences on early christianity edit many of the ascetic practices of cynicism may have been adopted by early christians and christians often employed the same rhetorical methods as the cynics 80 some cynics were martyred for speaking out against the authorities 81 one cynic peregrinus proteus lived for a time as a christian before converting to cynicism 82 whereas in the 4th century maximus of alexandria although a christian was also called a cynic because of his ascetic lifestyle christian writers would often praise cynic poverty 83 although they scorned cynic shamelessness augustine stating that they had in violation of the modest instincts of men boastfully proclaimed their unclean and shameless opinion worthy indeed of dogs 84 the ascetic orders of christianity such as the desert fathers also had direct connection with the cynics as can be seen in the wandering mendicant monks of the early church who in outward appearance and in many of their practices differed little from the cynics of an earlier age 73 emmanuel college scholar leif e vaage compared the commonalities between the q document and cynic texts such as the cynic epistles 74 the epistles contain the wisdom and often polemical ethics preached by cynics along with their sense of purity and ascetic practices 85 during the 2nd century justin martyr clashed with crescens the cynic who is recorded as claiming the christians were atheotatous the most godless in reference to their rejection of the pagan gods and their absence of temples statues or sacrifices this was a popular criticism of the christians and it continued on into the 4th century 86 see also edit philosophy portal anticonformism asceticism cynic epistles encratites foolishness for christ list of ancient greek philosophers list of cynic philosophers natural law stoicism kotzker rebbe a chasidic cynic in the ancient sense of the word notes edit christopher h hallett 2005 the roman nude heroic portrait statuary 200 bc ad 300 p 294 oxford university press laërtius hicks 1925 vi 23 jerome adversus jovinianum 2 14 1 2 dudley 1937 p 117 kynikos a greek english lexicon liddell and scott at perseus diogenes laërtius vi 13 cf the oxford companion to classical literature 2nd edition p 165 an obscure reference to the dog in aristotle s rhetoric 3 10 1411a25 is generally agreed to be the first reference to diogenes diogenes of sinope quoted by stobaeus in anthology book 3 chapter 13 paragraph 44 ὁ διογένες ἔλεγεν ὅτι οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι κύνες τοὺς ἐχθροὺς δάκνουσιν ἐγὼ δὲ τοὺς φίλους ἵνα σώσω christian august brandis scholium on aristotle s rhetoric quoted in dudley 1937 p 5 long 1996 p 28 1 2 3 4 5 kidd 2005 long 1996 p 29 1 2 navia luis e classical cynicism a critical study p 140 adamson peter 2015 philosophy in the hellenistic and roman worlds oxford university press p 14 isbn 978 0 19 872802 3 1 2 diogenes laërtius vi 2 71 dio chrysostom orations viii 26 32 archived 2023 07 02 at the wayback machine pseudo lucian cynicus archived 2023 05 10 at the wayback machine 13 lucian de morte peregrini archived 2023 02 04 at the wayback machine 4 33 36 1 2 orlando patterson freedom p 186 permanent dead link long 1996 p 34 lucian dialogues of the dead 21 archived 2018 10 19 at the wayback machine diogenes laërtius vi 70 diogenes laërtius vi 63 diogenes laërtius vii 121 cynics archived 2009 05 03 at the wayback machine the internet encyclopedia of philosophy david mazella 2007 the making of modern cynicism university of virginia press isbn 0 8139 2615 7 cynicism archived 2016 03 08 at the wayback machine the american heritage dictionary of the english language fourth edition 2006 houghton mifflin company bertrand russell a history of western philosophy p 231 simon and schuster r martin the scythian accent anacharsis and the cynics branham goulet cazé 2000 plato apology archived 2009 09 24 at the wayback machine 41e xenophon apology archived 2009 09 24 at the wayback machine 1 epictetus 3 22 aristotle politics aristotle bk 2 1268b veblen 1994 1899 162 jon ploug jørgensen the taming of the aristoi an ancient greek civilizing process history of the human sciences july 2014 vol 27 no 3 pp 42 43 dudley 1937 p 1 branham goulet cazé 2000 p 6 xenophon symposium 4 57 64 diogenes laërtius vi 2 diogenes laërtius vi 15 18 prince 2005 p 79 navia 1996 p 40 xenophon symposium archived 2021 03 23 at the wayback machine 4 34 diogenes laërtius vi 20 21 diogenes laërtius vi 20 71 diogenes laërtius vi 6 18 21 aelian x 16 epictetus discourses iii 22 63 long 1996 p 45 dudley 1937 p 2 prince 2005 p 77 sarton g ancient science through the golden age of greece dover publications 1980 diogenes laërtius vi 23 jerome adversus jovinianum 2 14 diogenes laërtius vi 34 diogenes laërtius vi 66 long 1996 p 33 diogenes laërtius vi 87 88 diogenes laërtius vi 85 87 epictetus discourses iii 22 63 long 1996 p 46 although there is no mention in ancient sources of them actually begging cf doyne dawson 1992 cities of the gods communist utopias in greek thought p 135 oxford university press plutarch symposiacs 2 1 apuleius florida 22 julian orations 6 201b diogenes laërtius i 15 vi 105 vii 2 etc schofield 1991 branham goulet cazé 2000 p 13 long 1986 p 234 cicero de officiis i 41 dudley 1937 p 124 lucian fugitivi archived 2023 02 04 at the wayback machine 16 aelius aristides iii 654 694 seneca de beneficiis archived 2020 08 09 at the wayback machine vii lucian de morte peregrini archived 2023 02 04 at the wayback machine lucian demonax archived 2020 06 29 at the wayback machine epictetus discourses archived 2011 04 10 at the wayback machine 3 22 epictetus discourses archived 2011 04 10 at the wayback machine 3 22 23 epictetus discourses archived 2011 04 10 at the wayback machine 3 22 80 dudley 1937 p 202 julian oration 6 to the uneducated cynics oration 7 to the cynic heracleios damascius life of isidorus fragments preserved in the commentary on plato s parmenides by proclus in the bibliotheca of photius and in the suda 1 2 dudley 1937 pp 209 211 1 2 leif vaage 1994 galilean upstarts jesus first followers according to q tpi f gerald downing 1992 cynics and christian origins t t clark in particular menippus 3rd century bc meleager 1st century bc and oenomaus 2nd century ce all came from gadara quoted in r ostling who was jesus time august 15 1988 pp 37 42 john dominic crossan 1991 the historical jesus the life of a mediterranean jewish peasant isbn 0 06 061629 6 craig a evans life of jesus research an annotated bibliography p 151 brill gasco la calle f 1986 cristianos y cinicos una tificacion del fenomeno cristiano durante el siglo ii memorias de historia antigua in spanish vol 7 pp 111 119 dio cassius epitome of book 65 15 5 archived 2022 04 17 at the wayback machine herodian roman history 1 9 2 5 lucian de morte peregrini archived 2023 02 04 at the wayback machine 10 15 origen adv cels 2 41 6 28 7 7 basil of caesarea leg lib gent 9 3 4 20 theodoret provid 6 john chrysostom ad op vit monast 2 4 5 augustine de civitate dei 14 20 vaage leif e 1990 cynic epistles selections ascetic behavior in greco roman antiquity a sourcebook by wimbush vincent l continuum international pp 117 118 zuckerman phil 2007 martin michael t ed the cambridge companion to atheism cambridge cambridge university press p 56 isbn 978 0 521 84270 9 retrieved 2011 04 09 references edit branham r bracht goulet cazé marie odile eds 2000 the cynics the cynic movement in antiquity and its legacy university of california press isbn 978 0 520 21645 7 dudley r 1937 a history of cynicism from diogenes to the 6th century a d cambridge university press kidd i 2005 cynicism in rée jonathan urmson j o eds the concise encyclopedia of western philosophy routledge isbn 978 0 415 32924 8 long a a 20 august 1986 hellenistic philosophy stoics epicureans sceptics university of california press isbn 978 0 520 05808 8 retrieved 16 january 2023 long a a 1996 the socratic tradition diogenes crates and hellenistic ethics in branham r bracht goulet cazé marie odile eds the cynics university of california press pp 28 46 doi 10 1525 9780520921986 003 isbn 978 0 520 92198 6 via de gruyter navia luis 1996 classical cynicism a critical study greenwood press isbn 978 0 313 30015 8 prince susan 2005 socrates antisthenes and the cynics in ahbel rappe sara kamtekar rachana eds a companion to socrates blackwell publishing isbn 978 1 4051 0863 8 schofield malcolm 1991 the stoic idea of the city cambridge university press isbn 978 0 226 74006 5 further reading edit primary sources edit socratis et socraticorum reliquiae ed g giannantoni 4 volumes naples 1990 volume 2 collects fragments of the early cynics from antisthenes to crates ...