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history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia historical overview article tropaeum traiani depicting a soldier armed with a falx the history of dacian warfare spans from c 10th century bc to 2nd century ad in the region defined by ancient greek and latin historians as dacia populated by a collection of thracian ionian and dorian tribes 1 it concerns the armed conflicts of the dacian tribes and their kingdoms in the balkans apart from conflicts between dacians and neighboring nations and tribes numerous wars were recorded among dacians too mythological edit see also paleo balkanic_religion daco thracian this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information september 2009 tribal wars edit main article list of ancient tribes in dacia the dacians fought amongst each other 2 but were later united under burebista however after his death 3 in 44 bc the empire again descended into conflict culminating in a full scale civil war this led to the division of burebista s empire into five separate kingdoms severely weakening the dacian s defensive capabilities against enemies particularly rome 4 the dacian tribes were again consolidated under decebalus who achieved several military victories in a series of battles with the forces of emperor domitian this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information september 2009 dacian warriors wielding a two handed falx on the tropaeum traiani domitian s dacian war edit main article domitian s dacian war the two punitive expeditions mounted as a border defense against raids of moesia from dacia in 86 87 ad ordered by the emperor titus flavius domitianus domitian in 87 ad and 88 ad the first expedition was an unmitigated disaster and the second achieved a peace seen as unfavorable and shameful by many in rome trajan s dacian wars edit main article trajan s dacian wars two campaigns of conquest ordered or led by the emperor trajan in 101 102 ad and 105 106 ad from moesia across the danube north into dacia trajan s forces were successful in both cases reducing dacia to client state status in the first and taking the territory over in the second these wars involved no fewer than 13 legions 5 the defeat reduced the dacian territory as a mere roman province rome ruled it including the entire transylvanian basin for 150 years a succession of migratory waves by visigoths huns gepids avars and slavs overran dacia cutting it off from the roman and the byzantine empires by the end of the sixth century 1 dacian troop types and organization edit this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information september 2009 the dacians never fielded a standing army even though there was a warrior class of sorts the comati meaning long haired people instead local chieftains the pileati meaning cap wearing people raised a levy when required a force only available after the harvesting season ended the men themselves fought in everyday clothing defended merely by an oval shield for body armor and helmets were only worn by the nobility 6 infantry and cavalry edit the dacian tribes established a highly militarized society and during the periods when the tribes were united under one king 82 44 bc 86 106 ad posed a major threat to the roman provinces of lower danube julius caesar made preparations for war with king burebista to prevent an invasion of macedonia however both rulers died in the same year dacia lost control over territories beyond the danube and tisza and collapsed into hostile factions now being able to master only 40 000 men from the previous 200 000 dacia however remained a formidable foe in the winter of 10 bc a raid across the danube was repulsed by marcus vinicius after some decades the invasions restarted a major one was monitored in 69 by licinius mucianus while on his way to battle aulus vitellius in another one in 85 the romans almost lost moesia and its governor oppius sabinus was killed the following year a dacian force annihilated the army of cornelius fuscus under the new leader decebalus after the victory of tettius julianus at tapae as the war dragged on domitian was distracted by the suebians and iazyges and had to make a humiliating peace 7 later trajan had attacked decebalus two times first making peace before reaching the capital then taking it and conquering around a third of dacia according to criton of heraclea 500 000 pows were taken 8 the free dacians allying with scythian and germanic tribes never stopped raiding the new roman province dacian scale armour after the sound of the carnyx war trumpet the dacians went to battle with the draco the most important weapon of their arsenal was the falx as depicted on trajan s column this dreaded weapon similar to a large sickle came in two variants a shorter one handed falx called a sica 9 and a longer two handed version which was a polearm it consisted of a three feet long wooden shaft with a long curved iron blade of nearly equal length attached to the end the blade was sharpened only on the inside and was reputed to be devastatingly effective however it left its user vulnerable because using a two handed weapon the warrior could not also make use of a shield alternatively it might be used as a hook pulling away shields and cutting at vulnerable limbs using the falx the dacian warriors were able to counter the power of the compact massed roman formations during the time of the roman conquest of dacia 101 102 105 106 legionaries had reinforcing iron straps applied to their helmets the romans also introduced the use of leg and arm protectors greaves and manica citation needed as further protection against the falxes this was one of the rare times in history where roman armor was modified an atypical falx the handle was usually as long as if not longer than the blade sica a small version of the falx the dacians were adept citation needed at surprise attacks and skillful tactical withdrawals using the fortification system during the wars with the romans fought by their last king decebalus 87 106 the dacians almost crushed the roman garrisons south of the danube in a surprise citation needed attack launched over the frozen river winter of 101 102 only the intervention of emperor trajan with the main army saved the romans from a major defeat but by 106 the dacians were surrounded in their capital sarmizegetusa the city was taken after the romans discovered and destroyed citation needed the capital s water supply line dacians decorated their bodies with tattoos like the illyrians 10 and the thracians 11 the pannonians north of the drava had accepted roman rule out of fear of the dacians 12 dacia remained a roman province until 271 dacians that could afford armor wore customised phrygian type helmets with solid crests intricately decorated domed helmets and sarmatian helmets 13 they fought with spears javelins falces and one sided battle axes and used draco carnyxes as standards most used only shields as a form of defense cavalry would be armed with a spear a long la tène sword and an oval shield few in number they relied heavily on sarmatian allies for their mounted arm some of the infantry depicted on trajan s column appear to be wielding a falx and perhaps a sica many are shown to fight without any armor at all even shunning shields this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information september 2009 mercenaries edit dacian mercenaries were uncommon in contrast to the thracians and the illyrians but they could be found in the service of the greek diadochi 14 and of the romans 15 nobility edit a 2nd century chieftain would wear a bronze phrygian type helmet a corselet of iron scale armour an oval wooden shield with motifs and wield a sword 16 this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information september 2009 navy edit the ancient historian ptolemy mentions a naval battle between the geto dacians and the romans near the island of eukon most likely today s popina island fortifications edit see also dacian fortresses of the orăştie mountains dava dacian and murus dacicus remains of the fortress of blidaru dacians had built fortresses all around dacia with most of them being on the danube 17 a scene from trajan s column shows romans attacking a dacian fortification using the testudo 18 the dacians constructed stone strongholds davas in the carpathian mountains in order to protect their capital sarmizegetusa the fortifications were built on a system of circular belts this allowed citation needed the defenders after a stronghold was lost to retreat to the next one using hidden escape gates advanced defensive systems adopted from the greeks made their already powerful strongholds extremely difficult obstacles 6 external influences edit scythian and sarmatian edit this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information september 2009 main article dacian draco a dacian draco the dacian draco was the standard of the ancient dacian military it served as a standard for the dacians of the la tène period and its origin must clearly be sought in the art of asia minor sometime during the second millennium bc 19 sarmatians were part 20 of the dacian army as allies the roxolani became part of the dacians while the iazyges fought against them trying to claim their own land 21 the celts played a very active role in dacia as enemies that were easily defeated by dacians 22 the scordisci were among the defeated celts that the dacians conquered 23 greek hellenic edit this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information september 2009 cothelas had become a vassal to ancient macedon citation needed some kings of the getae had been hellenized 24 the dacians traded with the hellenistic world based upon their mineral reserves and gained better technological and cultural strategies than their germanic and celtic neighbours advanced defensive systems made their already powerful strongholds extremely difficult obstacles 6 roman edit roman province of dacia with roman settlements and legion garrisons included dacian armaments main article roman dacia after their defeat the dacians were ethnically cleansed young men were either killed or became slaves or legionaries the remaining population was expelled and their lands were given to colonists 8 later the romans under domitian started minting a coin called dacicus 25 this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information september 2009 barbarians edit dacians were spoken of by trajan as dignified barbarians 26 consequently still dangerous but unable to win against the might of rome 1st century bc poet horace writes of them in one of his works and mentions them along with the scythians 27 as tyrants and fierce barbarians later historian tacitus writes that they are a people that can never be trusted 28 the ancient greeks 29 expressed admiration and respect for burebista this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information september 2009 list of dacian battles edit this is a list of battles or conflicts that dacians had a leading or crucial role in rarely as mercenaries they were involved in massive battles against roman legions unknown date celtic boii in bohemia against dacian tribes from the lower danube 30 dacian victory 1st century bc dacians against scordisci citation needed dacian victory 87 first battle of tapae citation needed dacian victory 101 second battle of tapae citation needed roman victory 102 battle of adamclisi citation needed roman victory 103 battle of gatae citation needed dacian victory 106 battle of sarmisegetusa citation needed roman victory see also edit list of ancient cities in thrace and dacia list of ancient tribes in thrace and dacia list of rulers of thrace and dacia thracian warfare illyrian warfare celtic warfare falx sica references edit 1 2 bugajski janus 2002 political parties of eastern europe new york m e sharpe p 829 isbn 1563246767 ramsey syed 2016 tools of war history of weapons in ancient times new delhi alpha editions isbn 9789386019806 the legionary by peter connolly 1998 page 14 dynamic king burebista a century and a half earlier the dacians had become the most powerful nation in central europe but since his death the country had been split by civil war grumeza ion 2009 dacia land of transylvania cornerstone of ancient eastern europe lanham hamilton books p 146 isbn 9780761844655 a companion to the roman army blackwell companions to the ancient world by paul erdkamp 2007 page 218 1 2 3 bennett julian 2005 trajan optimus princeps taylor francis e library p 87 isbn 0 415 165245 bennett julian 2005 trajan optimus princeps taylor francis e library p 88 isbn 0 415 165245 1 2 bennett julian 2005 trajan optimus princeps taylor francis e library p 104 isbn 0 415 165245 rome s enemies 1 germanics and dacians men at arms series 129 by peter wilcox and gerry embleton 1982 page 35 the illyrians by john wilkes 1996 page 198 their armor is celtic but they are tattooed like the rest of the illyrians and thracians the world of tattoo an illustrated history by maarten hesselt van dinter 2007 page 25 in ancient times the danube area dacians thracians and illyrians all decorated themselves with status enhancing tattoos the oxford classical dictionary by simon hornblower and antony spawforth 2003 page 1106 pannonia north of the drava appears to have accepted roman rule without a struggle probably owing to fear of the dacians to the east rome s enemies germanics and dacians by peter wilcox gerry embleton isbn 0850454735 1982 the coming of rome in the dacian world isbn 387940707x 2000 page 83 the coming of rome in the dacian world isbn 387940707x 2000 page 115 rome s enemies 1 germanics and dacians men at arms series 129 by peter wilcox and gerry embleton 1982 dacia land of transylvania cornerstone of ancient eastern europe by ion grumeza 2009 page 13 the shores of the danube were well monitored from the dacian fortresses acidava buricodava dausadava the shrine of the wolves diacum drobeta turnu severin nentivava oltenita suvidava corabia tsirista tierna dierna orsova and what is today zimnicea downstream were also other fortresses axiopolis cernadova barbosi buteridava capidava topalu carsium harsova durostorum silistra sacidava sagadava dunareni along with still others the cambridge history of greek and roman warfare volume 2 rome from the late republic to the late empire by philip sabin hans van wees and michael whitby 2007 page 149 4 5 scene from trajan s column depicting roman troops attacking a dacian fortification using the famous testudo tortoise formation to shield themselves from parvan vasile 1928 in dacia ...