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Text of the page (random words):
abic اللهجِة الشاميِّة native to syria native speakers 1 6 million 2004 1 language family afro asiatic semitic west central arabic levantine damascus arabic writing system arabic alphabet arabic chat alphabet language codes iso 639 3 covered by apc ietf apc u sd sydi north levantine this article contains ipa phonetic symbols without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of unicode characters for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa this article contains levantine written in arabic characters without proper rendering support you may see احنا and احنا appearing as two different characters if so apply this custom style in your user settings lang apc font family segoe ui tahoma david speaking syrian arabic damascus arabic llahže ššāmiyye also called damascus dialect or damascene dialect is a levantine arabic spoken dialect indigenous to and spoken primarily in damascus as the dialect of the capital city of syria and due to its use in the syrian broadcast media it is prestigious and widely recognized by speakers of other syrian dialects as well as in lebanon palestine and jordan accordingly in modern times it is sometimes known as syrian arabic or the syrian dialect however the former term may also be used to refer to the group of similar urban sedentary dialects of the levant or to mean levantine arabic in general 2 3 history edit classification edit da like other levantine dialects is influenced by aramaic 4 studies edit da is one of the most represented and researched arabic dialects 5 it has been researched or discussed by grotzfeld 6 ambros 1977 7 cowell 3 cantineau and helbaoui 1953 8 kuhnt 1958 9 kassab 1970 10 ferguson 1961 11 bloch 1964 12 and 1965 13 bergsträsser 1924 14 which also contains around fifty pages worth of transcribed da and the twelve volume course written by the us defense language institute 1983 15 5 of its dictionaries which focus on the old varieties of da there are strowasser s english da arabic 16 ṭīb al kalām arabic da arabic 17 and the long awaited salamé and lentin s french da arabic 18 a dictionary of idioms has been released by borhan ahmad 19 modern usage edit media edit da most influential position is in media where it is the de facto official syrian dialect accent in the media when msa is not used and is the most influential dialect in arabic drama it has been said that da is taking the traditional place of egyptian arabic there 20 the most influential syrian series that is used almost only in da bab al hara acquired a staggering 50 million view per episode in its peaks 21 and the success of some turkish shows in the arab world has been attributed to dubs in da 22 literature edit it is not common for da to be written in literature as msa is usually used in this genre instead it has however made its way to al turath al sha bi in several pieces of literature like siham turjuman s yā māl al shām only dialogues munīr kayāl s ḥikāyāt dimašqiyya only dialogues and institut francais du proche orient s fifteen volume sirat al malik al zahir baibars hsab al riwaya al shamiyya scattered 23 phonology edit consonants edit da consonants 2 3 labial dental alveolar palatal velar uvular pharyngeal glottal plain emphatic plain emphatic nasal m mˤ n stop voiceless p t tˤ tʃ k q ʔ voiced b bˤ d dˤ dʒ ɡ fricative voiceless f θ s sˤ ʃ x ħ h voiced v ð z zˤ ʒ ɣ ʕ tap trill r approximant l lˤ j w the phonemes p v g q appear mainly in borrowings and loanwords a rare tʃ has been reported in turkish loanwords but it is usually articulated as ʃ p is not generally replaceable by b as in kɔmpyūtər computer although unaspirated p is a frequent allophone of b before voiceless obstruents f k x ħ q s ʃ sˤ t tˤ and at the end of phrases 3 uvular q is frequent in borrowings from classical arabic and sometimes alternates freely with ʔ but always using q instead of the dialectal ʔ as used in some rural dialects is not prestigious in da where it could be mocked 24 3 while they are used more in rural dialects than in the urban da 3 voiceless θ is an educated variant of s and t in words with θ in msa similarly its voiced variant ð is an educated variant of z and d in words with ð in msa these two variants are mainly noticeable from educated men whose professions require the frequent usage of msa in its written form and is considered a literary educated and a religious usage 25 26 all of m b l have emphatic velarised equivalents but a standard method of writing them in the arabic script does not exist e g minimal pairs typically exist in mayy for a female name while mˤ in ṃayy for water b in bab h a her door and two bˤ in ḅaḅa dad two l in all h a he told her and two lˤ in aḷḷa h allah dʒ is used in the aleppo region and in more rural parts of greater syria instead of ʒ tʃ only occurs in certain words of the aleppo region and in certain rural dialects elsewhere in place of k in certain positions 3 while lentin argues that r contrasts with rˤ as in i nhār he broke down and nhāṛ daytime cowell denies that an r and rˤ distinction exists in da da makes frequent use of doubled long consonants and the difference is phonemic 3 e g katab wrote and kattab made someone write ġani rich and ġanni sing usually the velarisation of one consonant velarises adjacent consonants in a word or even the whole word but e i and ə can restrain it 3 27 vowels edit da typically contains at most eleven different phonemic vowels with six of them including schwa being short vowels 5 or at least eight phonemic vowels 28 3 vowel value da example english example iː iː fiːd do something useful f ee d monophthong eː eː zeːd male first name scottish english f a ce aː aː haːd this one nze br a oː oː xoːd take rp n or th uː uː huːd islamic prophet name m oo d monophthong i ɪ hidd destroy k i t monophthong e ɛ na hed male first name traditional rp b e t a æ had he destroyed standard southern british c a t o o hidhod hoopoe scottish english g o u ʊ huda female first name scottish english f oo t no standard method of writing e o or ə exists in the typical arabic script usually e and i are considered both kasrah u and o are considered as both dhammah while ə is occasionally represented by both diacritics for da speakers similarly e and i are considered mad bil ya while o and u are considered mad bil waw only six vowels could be written with the standard arabic script and as such most speakers of da can describe them easily in arabic while this is not the case for the other vowels the phonemic quality of e o and ə is disputed by some researchers who analyse them as allophones nevertheless lentin analyses every non final syllable e i u o as ə although this ə has different allophones typically most diphthongs in classical arabic are monophthonged in da with a fixed pattern aw o ay e ey əy i əw u exceptions to this include aww and ayy are preserved at the end of syllables they change to aw and ay though morphological constraints occasionally prevent monophthongization and diphthongs could occur as loanwords from classical arabic 29 intonation edit one of the most distinctive features of typical da which is most pronounced in the old quarters is the lengthening of the last vowel of interrogative and exclamative sentences 29 this peculiar intonation has a sing songy feeling which leads some to call it as singing rather than speaking when compared to egyptian arabic 30 the actor of moataz in bab al hara is quite famous for this during fights this is frequently parodied by non da speakers 31 variation edit msa influence edit due to syria s education in msa and global communication da is experiencing changes towards classicalism pseudo classicalism neologisms and journalese local characteristics are rapidly being abandoned in favour of such uses 3 for example the traditional zōzi my husband is being replaced by žōzi and the new semi classical variant zōži emerged 24 this rapid influence can be considered the main difference between the traditional and contemporary da versions 32 religion edit velarisation tends to be more pronounced in christian quarters 33 jews in iskenderun and antakya used to speak with dialects quite close to damascus and aleppo urban dialects due to their interaction with the jews there which differentiated them from people living there syrian jews also used to pronounce hebrew loanwords containing ח ע צ and ט with their biblical hebrew and arabic equivalents 34 35 traditional and new quarters edit velarisation tends to be more pronounced in old quarters like in al mīdān 33 references edit lentin jérôme 2006 encyclopedia of arabic language and linguistics foreign language study isbn 9789004177024 1 2 versteegh kees encyclopedia of arabic language and linguistics brill pp v1 492 v1 546 v1 604 v4 403 409 isbn 9004144730 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 cowell mark w 2005 a reference grammar of syrian arabic based on the dialect of damascus georgetown university press pp xv xvii isbn 1589010515 via google books versteegh kees encyclopedia of arabic language and linguistics brill p v4 p 403 isbn 9004144730 1 2 3 klimiuk maciej 2013 vowels phonetics and phonology of damascus arabic warsaw katedra arabistyki i islamistyki uniwersytet warszawski pp 65 72 isbn 9788390318851 grotzfeld heinz 2006 syrisch arabische grammatik dialekt von damaskus eisenbrauns isbn 3447006919 ambros arne 1977 damascus arabic undena publications isbn 9780890030097 helbaoui youssef cantineau jean 1953 manuel élémentaire d arabe oriental parler de damas asin b001820c8o kuhnt eberhard 1958 syrisch arabischer sprachführer asin b0000bklas kassab jean 2006 manuel du parler arabe moderne au moyen orient tome premier cours élémentaire 2e éd ed p geuthner isbn 270530455x ferguson charles et al damascus arabic 1974 centre for applied linguistics isbn 0872810240 cite book cs1 maint location link grotzfeld heinz bloch ariel 1964 damaszenisch arabische texte mit übersetzung anmerkungen und glossar isbn 978 3447049429 cite book isbn date incompatibility help bloch ariel die hypotaxe im damaszenisch arabischen mit vergleichen zur hypotaxe im klassisch arabischen isbn 978 3935556040 bergsträsser gotthelf 1924 zum arabischen dialekt von damaskus i phonetik georg olm verlagsbuchhandlung hildesheim arabic syrian course defense language institute foreign language center 1983 cite book cs1 maint publisher location link stowasser karl moukhtar ani 1964 a dictionary of syrian arabic english arabic georgetown university press isbn 1589011058 cite book isbn date incompatibility help al zaʿīm wafīq ṭīb al kalām bi lahjat ahl al shām muʿjam 1st ed dār al fikr isbn 978 9933 10 217 3 versteegh kees encyclopedia of arabic language and linguistics brill p vol 1 546 isbn 9004144730 ahmad borhan 2018 the dictionary of levantine idioms 300 idioms of everyday syrian dialect asin b07gjn38zb uthman ahmad ahmad maher damascus arabic is a real threat to egyptian drama www eremnews com in arabic retrieved 23 november 2018 does syrian star jihad abdo turned pizza delivery boy still have a shot at hollywood fame www albawaba com 5 january 2017 retrieved 23 november 2018 rizvi anam arab viewers get taste of different cultures with translated tv shows in the uae the national retrieved 15 december 2018 bohas georges hassan iyas sīrat al malik al ẓāhir baybarṣ ḥasab al riwāyah al shāmīyah 11 ed institut français du proche orient isbn 978 2 901315 59 9 1 2 versteegh kees encyclopedia of arabic language and linguistics brill p v1 p 548 isbn 9004144730 omar margaret 1976 levantine egyptian arabic comparative study university of california libraries isbn 978 1125382011 albirini abdulkafi september 11 2015 modern arabic sociolinguistics diglossia variation codeswitching attitudes and identity 1 ed routledge p 196 isbn 978 0415707473 versteegh kees encyclopedia of arabic language and linguistics brill p 548 v 1 isbn 9004144730 almbark rana hellmuth sam acoustic analysis of the syrian arabic vowel system pdf university of york retrieved 5 november 2018 1 2 versteegh kees encyclopedia of arabic language and linguistics brill p 547 v 1 isbn 9004144730 kulk friso odé cecilia manfred woidich the intonation of colloquial damascene arabic a pilot study pdf www fon hum uva nl university of amsterdam institute of phonetic sciences retrieved 2 january 2019 belnap kirk haeri niloofar august 1 1997 structuralist studies in arabic linguistics charles a ferguson s papers 1954 1994 e j brill p 104 isbn 9004105115 versteegh kees encyclopedia of arabic language and linguistics brill p v4 408 isbn 9004144730 1 2 versteegh kees encyclopedia of arabic language and linguistics brill p v1 p 547 isbn 9004144730 arnold werner 2013 08 01 judeo arabic syria hebrew component in in khan geoffrey ed encyclopedia of hebrew language and linguistics vol 2 leiden brill p 401 isbn 978 90 04 17642 3 archived from the original on 2023 04 12 kahn lily rubin aaron october 30 2015 handbook of jewish languages brill academic pub p 43 isbn 978 9004217331 external links edit north levantine arabic test of wikipedia at wikimedia incubator wikibooks has a book on the topic of levantine arabic for a list of words relating to damascus arabic see the north levantine arabic language category of words in wiktionary the free dictionary v t e levantine arabic overview phonology imāla vocabulary grammar semitic root ipa dialects syrian aleppine damascene jewish lebanese cilician jordanian palestinian jewish related varieties northwest arabian arabic cypriot arabic levantine arabic sign language deprecated classifications north levantine arabic south levantine arabic category v t e languages of syria official language standard arabic minority languages armenian circassian languages kabardian chechen domari greek kurdish kurmanji turkish syrian turkmen turkoman dialects aramaic suret assyrian chaldean turoyo western neo aramaic varieties of arabic shawi levantine aleppine damascene jewish mesopotamian najdi sign languages levantine arabic sign language retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title damascus_arabic oldid 1373823551 categories levantine arabic languages of syria city colloquials hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles containing arabic language text language articles with ietf language tag languages without iso 639 3 code language articles missing glottolog code articles containing levantine arabic language text cs1 maint location cs1 errors isbn date cs1 maint publisher location cs1 arabic language sources ar pages with plain ipa articles containing video clips this page was last edited on 8 september 2026 at 03 49 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about 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