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the (106), and (57), damin (54), lardil (35), languages (28), language (28), with (22), are (21), not (20), edit (19), for (17), that (16), only (16), hale (15), from (14), #consonants (14), words (13), nash (12), was (11), but (11), articles (10), yangkaal (10), code (9), wikipedia (9), may (9), this (9), use (9), all (9), ipa (9), english (9), other (9), northern (9), 1997 (9), however (9), kriol (8), eastern (8), western (8), clicks (8), used (8), nasal (8), text (7), australian (7), short (7), click (7), creole (7), river (7), food (7), also (7), see (7), which (7), they (7), word (7), esperanto (6), south (6), island (6), daly (6), tasmanian (6), central (6), history (6), egressive (6), voiceless (6), been (6), some (6), morphology (6), one (6), grammatical (6), had (6), several (6), vowels (6), clusters (6), t̠ʲ (6), were (6), about (5), page (5), links (5), without (5), constructed (5), lingua (5), orthography (5), southern (5), paman (5), ceremonial (5), mcknight (5), 1999 (5), 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Text of the page (random words):
fricative voiceless f ɸ voiceless ingressive l ɬ ʔ affricate pf pɸ qx qχ 10 the lardil consonants rd rn rl m n l r color coded are only found in lardil grammatical suffixes used in damin if they occur at all stronger damin may replace many of these with simpler morphology there is no apical alveolar retroflex distinction in damin root words with the apparent exception of the clicks 11 in lardil the distinction is neutralised to apico domal in word initial position but in damin it is neutralised to apical alveolar in all positions however a contrast may occur when lardil suffixes are added to damin roots 10 l is described as ingressive with egressive glottalic release 5 pf is transcribed pɸ but is possibly a pre stopped alternate of f 5 some of the consonants listed above only occur in clusters n̺ only occurs as a coda phonotactics edit damin consonant clusters at the beginning of a word are p ny ʘ n̠ʲ p ng ʘ ŋ fny ɸn̠ʲ fng ɸŋ fy ɸj pr2y ʙ ʙj thrr t̻ɾ words in normal lardil may not begin with a cluster however lardil has several clusters in the middle of words and many of these are not found in damin words as damin only allows n n̺ and rr ɾ in a syllable coda the attested stem medial damin clusters are rrd rrth rrk rrb jb 12 though j of jb is not otherwise allowed in coda position other clusters such as nasal stop are produced by lardil grammatical suffixes and indeed the future suffix is ngkur which produces a three consonant cluster after a coda as on wi jb u rrngk ur firewood fut hale nash posit that the minimum damin syllable shape is cvv or ccv in lardil it is cvv words they transcribe as monosyllabic cv are restricted to cases where c is k ng l kʼ ŋ̊ ɬ ʔ suggesting that these are complex consonants possibly underlyingly rearticulated k2 ng2 l2 k k ŋ ŋ l l rather as ɕ is an alternative realization of j2 t̠ʲ t̠ʲ and as thrr t̻ɾ might be analyzed as d2 t̺ t̺ note however that some transcriptions do not record cv words with cvv instead 13 in polysyllabic words and compounds however long and short vowels appear to contrast with one recorded minimal pair being didi to affect harm vs diidi to act 14 as in cut firewood vs gather firewood 15 with only about 200 roots in damin not all consonants occur before all three vowels however as several consonants and consonant clusters are attested from only a single root there are certain to be accidental gaps and it is not clear that any gaps are due to phonotactic constraints morphology and lexicon edit damin had a much more restricted and generic lexicon than everyday language with only about 200 lexical roots each word in damin stood for several words of lardil or yangkaal it had only two pronouns n aa me ego and n uu not me alter for example compared to lardil s nineteen and used kurri not as an antonymic prefix j2iwu small kurrij2iwu large grammatically the damin registers of the lardil and yangkaal use all the grammatical morphology of those languages and so therefore are broadly similar though it does not employ the phonologically conditioned alternations of that morphology damin is spoken by replacing the lexical roots of ordinary lardil with damin words apart from a leveling of grammatical allomorphs the grammar remains the same ex ordinary lardil damin ngithun n aa my dunji kan n 2a kan wife s younger brother gen ngawa nh 2u dog waang kur diidith ur go fut werneng kiyath ur m ii ngkiyath ur food go fut ordinary lardil ngithun dunji kan ngawa waang kur werneng kiyath ur damin n aa n 2a kan nh 2u diidith ur m ii ngkiyath ur my wife s younger brother gen dog go fut food go fut my brother in law s dog is going to go hunting some vocabulary 16 n aa ego n uu alter kaa now kaawi not now l i bony fish thii elasmobranch ngaajpu human wuujpu animal wiijpu wood incl woody plants kuujpu stone m ii vegetable food wii meat food c n 2u liquid thuu sea mammal thuuwu land mammal didi harm affect harmfully diidi act kuudi see kuuku hear feel yiidi be in a place wiiwi burn wiidi spear ngaa die decay fyuu fall the cardinal directions n aa thuuku point on body wii surface on body nguu head k uu eye nguuwii hand foot thuuku one another place kurrijpi two hither close short antonymic derivation with kurri not j2iwu small kurrij2iwu large not small thuuku one kurrithuuku many not one kurrijpi short kurrikurrijpi long not short kawukawu light kurrikawukawu heavy not light specific reference requires paraphrasing for example a sandpiper is called a person burning creature ngaajpu wiiwi n wuujpu human burn nom animal in reference to its role as a character in the rainbow serpent story while a wooden axe is wood that negatively affects honey m iwu didi i n wiijpu honey affect pass nom wood there is some suggestion of internal morphology or compounding as suggested by the patterns in the word list above for example m iwu native beehive honey and wum i sp mud crab may derive from m ii food and wuu mud shell clam clarification needed notes edit 1 2 the codes qda and art x damin have been registered for damin at the conlang code registry 2 1 2 the ipa symbols used by hale nash are not always clear without the accompanying description in the text and sometimes even with that context for example j2 is described as a rearticulated lardil j see also mcknight 1999 254 but also alternatively as a voiced fricative which however is transcribed as a voiceless fricative ʆ is an old letter for ʃʲ the ipa letters for a palatal nasal click ŋ͡ǂ are used for what is described as apico domal rn perhaps because retroflex clicks did not have a proper symbol in ipa at the time p is transcribed and labeled ejective but also transcribed as an egressive click and in the text is clarified as being produced with increased velaric not laryngeal pressure 8 the dual transcription in their ipa chart suggests that they are speaking of two allophones note the nasal clicks are simply labeled nasals following their phonological analysis more generally any amorphous food also food in the abstract references edit ken hale damin archived from the original on 5 july 2008 retrieved 16 august 2008 bettencourt rebecca g conlang code registry www kreativekorp com retrieved 6 april 2021 fleming 2017 pp 1 18 traill anthony click languages clicks khoisan bushmen britannica encyclopedia britannica retrieved 22 february 2024 1 2 3 hale nash 1997 pp 252 mcknight 1999 p 254 hale nash 1997 pp 247 259 hale nash 1997 pp 252 258 hale nash 1997 pp 258 fn 1 2 mcknight 1999 p 27 in attempting to simplify the consonant inventory hale nash note that the damin alveolar and retroflex clicks are not securely documented as distinct sounds hale nash 1997 p 255 hale nash 1997 pp 257 fn 9 hale nash 1997 pp 248 mcknight 1999 p 143 hale nash 1997 pp 248 249 sources edit fleming luke 2017 artificial language natural history speech sign and sound in the emergence of damin language communication 56 1 18 doi 10 1016 j langcom 2017 01 001 hale k nash d 1997 lardil and damin phonotactics in tryon darrell walsh michael eds boundary rider essays in honour of geoffrey o grady doi 10 15144 pl c136 mcknight d 1999 people countries and the rainbow serpent further reading edit dixon r m w 1980 the languages of australia hale k 1973 deep surface canonical disparities in relation to analysis and change memmott p evans n robins r lilley i january 2006 understanding isolation and change in island human populations through a study of indigenous cultural patterns in the gulf of carpentaria transactions of the royal society of south australia 130 1 29 47 bibcode 2006trsau 130 29m doi 10 1080 3721426 2006 10887046 hdl 1885 31991 s2cid 82322052 external links edit the ceremonial language damin at the wayback machine archived july 16 2012 v t e australian aboriginal and tasmanian languages pama nyungan subgroups southeastern victorian p n lower murray yotayotic gippsland kulin bungandidj new south wales p n yuin kuric dhanggati anewan nganyaywana central new south wales wiradhuric barranbinja muruwari north coast durubalic bandjalangic gumbaynggiric waka kabic northern western torres strait kalaw lagaw ya paman northern paman uradhi wik middle paman umpilaic umbindhamuic lamalamic umbuygamu mbarrumbathama southwest paman kuuk thayorre southern paman mbabaram flinders island maric northern warrongo eastern biri southern bidyara gungabula margany gunya bindal guwa yanda guwa yanda kingkel dharumbal bayali lower burdekin dyirbalic dyirbal warrgamay nyawaygi lower burdekin yimidhirr yalanji yidinic guugu yimidihirr kuku yalanji yidiny gulf kalkatungic kalkatungu yalarnnga mayi central arandic thura yura arandic arrernte kaytetye thura yura wirangu kaurna adnyamathanha karnic northern palku pitta pitta western arabana wangkangurru central diyari yandruwandha eastern wilson river wangkumara bulloo river galali yarli paakantyi western yolŋu dhaŋu djaŋu ritharrŋu nhaŋu dhuwal dhuwala djambarrpuyŋu gupapuyŋu djinaŋ djinba ganhalpuyŋu ngarna warluwarric yanyuwa southern ngarru thawa desert nyungic marrngu ngumpin yapa ngumpin yapa warumungu wati south west p n pilbara ngayarda kanyara mantharta kartu nhanda yinggarda mirning nyunga tangkic lardil register damin kayardild yukulta ganggalida nyangga minkin mingginda garrwan garawa garrwa north waanyi wanji south gunindiri kurnindirri southwest macro gunwinyguan maningrida burarra gurr goni ndjébbana nakkara marran marra warndarang yugul alawa mangarrayi gunwinyguan proper western jawoyn djauan waray uwinymil central bininj kunwok kunwinjku gunwinggu kunbarlang dalabon ngalkbun eastern rembarrnga ngalakgan ngandi nunggubuyu wubuy anindilyakwa enindhilyagwa yangmanic wagiman wardaman wagiman other isolates kungarakany koongurrukuñ gaagudju iwaidjan central warrkbi iwaidja garig ilgar garig ilgar eastern goulburn island maung manangkari southern amurdag marrku wurrugu wurrugu marrgu darwin region gulumoerrgin larrakia limilngan wulna limilngan wulna umbugarlic umbugarla ngurmbur bugurnidja daly river sprachbund wagaydyic anson bay batjamalh wadjiginy pungu pungu kandjerramalh giyug northern daly malak malak nguluk wanggar tyerraty western daly marri ngarr magati ke merranunggu marrithiyel marramaninjsji eastern daly matngele werret dakayu kamu southern daly murrinh patha ngan gityemerri mirndi jingulu yirram nungali jaminjung ngurlun ngarnka wambaya jarrakan kija miriwoong gajirrawoong bunuban bunuba gooniyandi worrorran wunambal northern ngarinyin eastern worrorra western nyulnyulan western nyulnyulic nyulnyul bardi jawi djabirr djabirr nimanburru eastern dyukun yawuru djukun warrwa nyigina ngumbarl others language isolates giimbiyu tiwi papuan meriam tasmanian family level groups western northwestern tasmanian peerapper southwestern tasmanian toogee northern northern tasmanian tommeginne port sorell northeastern pyemmairre northeastern tyerrernotepanner north midland lhotsky backhouse norman eastern oyster bay paredarerme little swanport southeast tasmanian nuenonne bruny island new indigenous languages and aboriginal englishes creoles australian kriol roper river kriol ngukurr bamyili kriol barunga kimberley kriol fitzroy valley daly river kriol westside kriol victoria river barkly kriol mornington island creole kowanyama creole northeastern creoles torres strait creole yumplatok cape york creole lockhart river creole napranum creole pidgins port jackson pidgin english broome pearling lugger pidgin south australian pidgin english pidgin ngarluma mixed languages alyawarr english gurindji kriol light warlpiri palawa kani modern tiwi wumpurrarni english tennant creek others neo nyungar nunga english yarrie lingo palm talk woorie talk cherbourg talk murdi language proto languages proto australian proto pama nyungan macro pama nyungan arnhem land italics indicate individual languages v t e constructed languages classification artistic fictional language game international auxiliary zonal engineered experimental musical philosophical specific languages by group international auxiliary babm blissymbols communicationssprache esperanto arcaicam esperanto ii ido reformed universal other esperantidos glosa interglossa idiom neutral intal interlingua interlingue international sign kotava langue nouvelle latino sine flexione lingua franca nova lingua sistemfrater lingwa de planeta mondial neo nal bino novial pasilingua sambahsa solresol sona unish universalglot uropi volapük zonal afrihili budinos efatese eurolengo guosa ortatürk pan germanic language tutonish pan romance language neolatino romance romanid pan slavic language interslavic iazychie runyakitara wede weltdeutsch engineered aui basic english dutton speedwords ithkuil kalaba x astrolinguistics lincos lingua generalis loglan logopandecteision lojban real character ro toki pona fictional and other artistic atlantean belter creole brithenig chakobsa dritok dothraki elvish languages enchanta kēlen kiliki klingon kobaïan láadan lapine loxian lydnevi mänti middle earth languages adûnaic quenya sindarin black speech khuzdul valarin westron naʼvi nadsat newspeak simlish spocanian star wars languages syldavian talossan teonaht tsolyáni utopian valyrian venedic verdurian wenja ritual and other balaibalan damin enochian eskayan kukurá lingua ignota medefaidrin myska palawa kani wayteka yerkish zaum neography constructed script esperanto orthography sitelen pona tolkien s scripts cirth sarati tengwar study esperantology a secret vice bridge of words conlanging the art of crafting tongues in the land of invented languages la ricerca della lingua perfetta nella cultura europea comparisons esperanto ido esperanto novial ido interlingua ido novial interlingue interlingua lojban loglan list of constructed languages list of language creators portal retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title damin oldid 1377852462 categories tangkic languages extinct languages of queensland constructed languages north west queensland click languages initiation languages languages extinct in the 1970s hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles lacking in text citations from may 2019 all articles lacking in text citations use australian english from june 2020 all wikipedia articles written in australian english use dmy dates from august 2019 articles containing lardil language text pages with plain ipa languages without glottolog code language articles with linguasphere code language articles with ietf language tag conlangs without iso 639 3 code languages without iso 639 3 code but with linguasphere code languages with neither iso nor glottolog code all articles with vague or ambiguous time vague or ambiguous time from november 2020 articles containing uncoded language text pages with interlinear glosses using more than three unnamed parameters wikipedia articles needing clarification from august 2015 webarchive template wayback links this page was last edited on 1 october 2026 at 14 41 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available 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