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n of multiple neighboring words together into a single word for instance word final aḥ plus word initial a merge into o in actual sanskrit literature with the effects of sandhi this sentence would be expected to appear as eṣá ékóśvósti also word final a is sanskrit is a schwa ə similar to the ending e in the german name nietzsche so e g the second word is pronounced éːk ə pitch accent is indicated with an acute accent in the case of the older vedic language which was inherited from proto indo european 4 hindi urdu and other non dardic indo aryan languages also sometimes utilize a verb second order similar to kashmiri and english for dramatic effect 49 yeh ek ghoṛā hain is the normal conversational form in hindi urdu yeh hain ek ghoṛā is also grammatically correct but indicates a dramatic revelation or other surprise this dramatic form is often used in news headlines in hindi urdu punjabi and other indo aryan languages sources edit academic literature from outside south asia morgenstierne g irano dardica wiesbaden 1973 morgenstierne g die stellung der kafirsprachen in irano dardica 327 343 wiesbaden reichert 1975 decker kendall d sociolinguistic survey of northern pakistan volume 5 languages of chitral academic literature from south asia the comparative study of urdu and khowar badshah munir bukhari national language authority pakistan 2003 no reference national institute of pakistani studies quaid i azam university summer institute of linguistics further reading edit khan sawar et al ethnogenetic analysis reveals that kohistanis of pakistan were genetically linked to west eurasians by a probable ancestral genepool from eurasian steppe in the bronze age mitochondrion 47 2019 82 93 notes edit 1 2 3 4 5 references edit dardic languages encyclopædia britannica 1 2 liljegren henrik 1 march 2017 profiling indo aryan in the hindukush karakoram a preliminary study of micro typological patterns journal of south asian languages and linguistics 4 1 107 156 doi 10 1515 jsall 2017 0004 issn 2196 078x s2cid 132833118 on the one hand it is obvious that these languages form a continuum together with the main indo aryan languages of the northwestern subcontinent with a gradually increased clustering of more prototypical hindukush karakoram features toward the central but in relation to the rest of indo aryan more peripheral parts of this region on the other hand these languages also show a high degree of diversity with individual languages taking part in various subareal configurations or transit zones that are represented in the region further complicating any attempts at defining them collectively in more exact or exclusive areal terms we must therefore bear in mind that any collective reference to these languages be it hindukush indo aryan or any other term will have to be interpreted as a highly gradient notion acknowledging the apparent lack of any complete list of innovations let alone retentions that would cover more than a subset of them 1 2 garbo francesca di olsson bruno wälchli bernhard 2019 grammatical gender and linguistic complexity ii world wide comparative studies language science press p 8 isbn 978 3 96110 180 1 saxena anju 12 may 2011 himalayan languages past and present walter de gruyter p 35 isbn 978 3 11 089887 3 1 2 liljegren henrik 26 february 2016 a grammar of palula language science press pp 13 14 isbn 978 3 946234 31 9 1 2 3 strand richard f 13 december 2013 dardic and nūristānī languages in fleet kate krämer gudrun matringe denis nawas john abdallah rowson everett eds encyclopaedia of islam three 2013 4 brill pp 101 103 isbn 978 90 04 25269 1 the seventeen dardic languages constitute a geographic group of the northwestern most indo aryan languages they fall into several small phylogenetic groups of indo aryan but together they show no common phonological innovations that demonstrate that they share any phylogenetic unity as a dardic branch of the indo aryan languages 1 2 prakāśaṃ vennelakaṇṭi 2008 encyclopaedia of the linguistic sciences issues and theories allied publishers pp 142 147 isbn 978 81 8424 279 9 dardic languages contain absolutely no features which cannot be derived from old indo aryan language they have simply retained a number of striking archasisms which had already disappeared in most prakrit dialects there is not a single common feature distinguishing dardic as a whole from the rest of the indo aryan languages dardic is simply a convenient term to denote a bundle of aberrant indo aryan hill languages which in their relative isolation accented in many cases by the invasion of pathan tribes have been in varying degrees sheltered against the expand influence of indo aryan midland madhyadesha innovations being left free to develop on their own kellens jean dardestān encyclopaedia iranica archived from the original on 5 december 2017 retrieved 6 april 2022 jain danesh cardona george 26 july 2007 the indo aryan languages routledge p 822 isbn 978 1 135 79711 9 the designation dardic implies neither ethnic unity among the speakers of these languages nor that they can all be traced to a single stammbaum model node verbeke saartje 20 november 2017 argument structure in kashmiri form and function of pronominal suffixation brill p 2 isbn 978 90 04 34678 9 nowadays the term dardic is used as an areal term that refers to a number of indo aryan languages without claiming anything specific about their mutual relatedness 1 2 3 4 5 6 mock john dards dardistan and dardic an ethnographic geographic and linguistic conundrum www mockandoneil com retrieved 25 february 2022 kuzʹmina elena efimovna 2007 the origin of the indo iranians brill p 318 isbn 978 90 04 16054 5 dani ahmad hasan 2001 history of northern areas of pakistan upto 2000 a d sang e meel publications pp 64 67 isbn 978 969 35 1231 1 saxena anju 12 may 2011 himalayan languages past and present walter de gruyter p 35 isbn 978 3 11 089887 3 liljegren henrik 26 february 2016 a grammar of palula language science press pp 13 14 isbn 978 3 946234 31 9 palula belongs to a group of indo aryan ia languages spoken in the hindukush region that are often referred to as dardic languages it has been and is still disputed to what extent this primarily geographically defined grouping has any real classificatory validity on the one hand strand suggests that the term should be discarded altogether holding that there is no justification whatsoever for any such grouping in addition to the term itself having a problematic history of use and prefers to make a finer classification of these languages into smaller genealogical groups directly under the ia heading a classification we shall return to shortly zoller identifies the dardic languages as the modern successors of the middle indo aryan mia language gandhari also gandhari prakrit but along with bashir zoller concludes that the family tree model alone will not explain all the historical developments bhan mona 11 september 2013 counterinsurgency democracy and the politics of identity in india from warfare to welfare routledge p 59 isbn 978 1 134 50983 6 masica 1993 p 461 emeneau murray b fergusson charles a 21 november 2016 linguistics in south asia walter de gruyter gmbh co kg p 285 isbn 978 3 11 081950 2 koul 2008 p 142 dani ahmad hasan 2001 history of northern areas of pakistan upto 2000 a d sang e meel publications p 66 isbn 978 969 35 1231 1 khowar and kalasha are among the most archaic indo aryan languages both are related to gandhari and share some very characteristic archaisms for instance old indo aryan t disappeared from other indo ayran languages l r in kalasha and khowar morgenstierne georg 1974 languages of nuristan and surrounding regions in jettmar karl edelberg lennart eds cultures of the hindukush selected papers from the hindu kush cultural conference held at moesgård 1970 beiträge zur südasienforschung südasien institut universität heidelberg vol bd 1 wiesbaden franz steiner pp 1 10 isbn 978 3 515 01217 1 baldi sergio 28 november 2016 kalasha grammar based on fieldwork research written by elizabeth mela athanasopoulou annali sezione orientale 76 1 2 265 266 doi 10 1163 24685631 12340012 jain danesh cardona george 26 july 2007 the indo aryan languages routledge p 973 isbn 978 1 135 79710 2 1 2 3 prakāśaṃ vennelakaṇṭi 2008 encyclopaedia of the linguistic sciences issues and theories allied publishers p 143 isbn 978 81 8424 279 9 1 2 3 masica 1993 bashir elena 2007 jain danesh cardona george eds the indo aryan languages routledge p 905 isbn 978 0415772945 dardic is a geographic cover term for those northwest indo aryan languages which developed new characteristics different from the ia languages of the indo gangetic plain although the dardic and nuristani previously kafiri languages were formerly grouped together morgenstierne 1965 has established that the dardic languages are indo aryan and that the nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of indo iranian strand richard 2001 the tongues of peristân 1 2 bashir elena 30 june 2025 a grammar of khowar descriptive and comparative analysis ucl press p 3 isbn 978 1 80008 817 7 the term far northwestern indo aryan languages has been proposed by richard strand 2022 and is beginning to gain currency with increasing recognition that there is no single stammbaum node to which all these languages can be traced morgenstierne 1961 139 states that there is not a single common feature distinguishing dardic as a whole from the rest of the ia languages i think it is a better term for these languages than the problematic and potentially misleading dardic which some people understand to mean descent from a single stammbaum node and some understand to include wakhi and burushaski as well dardic should be understood only as a geographical cover term venetz jacqueline 2019 lexico semantic areality in the greater hindu kush an areal typological study on numerals and kinship terms hence the group has increasingly been referred to in the purely geographical term hindu kush indo aryan hkia which will also be employed in this thesis appelgren hilda 2023 locative clauses and existential constructions in khowar around half of the languages spoken in the hindu kush are indo aryan ia but many of them deviate from other ia languages in several characteristic features and are often spoken of as dardic languages since the classification of these languages is disputed the areal term hindu kush indo aryan hkia is preferred in this thesis kogan anton 2013 https jolr ru index php article 130 kogan anton 2015 https jolr ru index php article 157 buddruss georg 1985 linguistic research in gilgit and hunza journal of central asia 8 1 27 32 1 2 liljegren henrik 2020 the hindu kush karakorum and linguistic areality journal of south asian languages and linguistics 7 2 187 233 a further observation to be made is that the earlier recognized subgroups kohistani and shina do not form two identifiable sub clusters but are instead intertwined with one another the most convincing and distinctive sub clusters in this analysis that can be tied to previous lower level classification within indo aryan are those of kashmiri and pashai lunsford wayne a 2001 an overview of linguistic structures in torwali a language of northern pakistan cite journal cite journal requires journal help 1 2 3 masica 1993 p 452 chaterji agreed with grierson in seeing rajasthani influence on pahari and dardic influence on or under the whole northwestern group pahari masica 1993 p 209 throughout the northwest beginning with sindhi and including lahnda dardic romany and west pahari there has been a tendency to the transfer of r from medial clusters to a position after the initial consonant arun kumar biswas ed 1985 profiles in indian languages and literatures indian languages society greater dardic influence in the western dialects of garhwali dayanand narasinh shanbhag k j mahale 1970 essays on konkani language and literature professor armando menezes felicitation volume konkani sahitya prakashan konkani is spoken it shows a good deal of dardic paisachi influence gulam allana 2002 the origin and growth of sindhi language institute of sindhology isbn 9789694050515 must have covered nearly the whole of the punjabi still show traces of the earlier dardic languages that they superseded still further south we find traces of dardic in sindhi irach jehangir sorabji taraporewala 1932 elements of the science of language university of calcutta retrieved 12 may 2010 at one period the dardic languages spread over a very much wider extent but before the oncoming outer aryans as well as owing to the subsequent expansion of the inner aryans the dards fell back to the inaccessible sharad singh negi 1993 kumaun the land and the people indus publishing isbn 81 85182 89 2 retrieved 12 may 2010 it may be possible that the dardic speaking aryans were still in the process of settling in other parts of the western himalaya in the mauryan times sudhakar chattopadhyaya 1973 racial affinities of early north indian tribes munshiram manoharlal retrieved 12 may 2010 the dradic branch remained in northwest india the daradas kasmiras and some of the khasas some having been left behind in the himalayas of nepal and kumaon 1 2 3 4 s munshi 2008 keith brown sarah ogilvie eds concise encyclopedia of languages of the world elsevier isbn 978 0 08 087774 7 retrieved 11 may 2010 based on historical sub grouping approximations and geographical distribution bashir 2003 provides six sub groups of the dardic languages nicolaus peter 2015 residues of ancient beliefs among the shin in the gilgit division and western ladakh iran the caucasus 19 3 201 264 doi 10 1163 1573384x 20150302 issn 1609 8498 jstor 43899199 1 2 3 george cardona dhanesh jain 2007 the indo aryan languages routledge isbn 978 0 415 77294 5 retrieved 11 may 2010 in others traces remain as tonal differences khowar buúm earth pashai dum smoke 1 2 3 4 5 timothy lenz andrew glass dharmamitra bhikshu 2003 a new version of the gandhari dharmapada and a collection of previous birth stories university of washington press isbn 0 295 98308 6 retrieved 11 may 2010 dardic metathesis wherein pre or postconsonantal r is shifted forward to a preceding syllable earliest examples come from the aśokan inscriptions priyadarśi as priyadraśi dharma as dhrama common in modern dardic languages amar nath malik 1995 the phonology and morphology of panjabi munshiram manoharlal publishers isbn 81 215 0644 1 retrieved 26 may 2010 drakhat tree stephen r anderson 2005 aspects of the theory of clitics volume 11 of oxford studies in theoretical linguistics oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 927990 6 the literature on the verb second construction has concentrated largely on germanic we can compare with the germanic phenomena however kashmiri in two himachali languages kotgarhi and koci he finds word order patterns quite similar they are sometimes said to be part of a dardic subfamily hindi language discourse and writing volume...