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crypted hidden or deleted rather than damaged are recovered sometimes data present in the computer gets encrypted or hidden due to reasons like virus attacks which can only be recovered by some computer forensic experts physical damage edit a wide variety of failures can cause physical damage to storage media which may result from human errors and natural disasters cd roms can have their metallic substrate or dye layer scratched off hard disks can suffer from a multitude of mechanical failures such as head crashes pcb failure and failed motors tapes can simply break physical damage to a hard drive even in cases where a head crash has occurred does not necessarily mean permanent data loss however in extreme cases such as prolonged exposure to moisture and corrosion like the lost bitcoin hard drive of james howells buried in the newport landfill for over a decade recovery is usually impossible in rare cases forensic techniques such as magnetic force microscopy mfm have been explored to detect residual magnetic traces when data holds exceptional value 5 other techniques employed by many professional data recovery companies can typically salvage most if not all of the data that had been lost when the failure occurred of course there are exceptions to this such as cases where severe damage to the hard drive platters may have occurred however if the hard drive can be repaired and a full image or clone created then the logical file structure can be rebuilt in most instances most physical damage cannot be repaired by end users for example opening a hard disk drive in a normal environment can allow airborne dust to settle on the platter and become caught between the platter and the read write head during normal operation read write heads float 3 to 6 nanometers above the platter surface and the average dust particles found in a normal environment are typically around 30 000 nanometers in diameter 6 when these dust particles get caught between the read write heads and the platter they can cause new head crashes that further damage the platter and thus compromise the recovery process furthermore end users generally do not have the hardware or technical expertise required to make these repairs consequently data recovery companies are often employed to salvage important data with the more reputable ones using class 100 dust and static free cleanrooms 7 recovery techniques edit recovering data from physically damaged hardware can involve multiple techniques some damage can be repaired by replacing parts in the hard disk this alone may make the disk usable but there may still be logical damage a specialized disk imaging procedure is used to recover every readable bit from the surface once this image is acquired and saved on a reliable medium the image can be safely analyzed for logical damage and will possibly allow much of the original file system to be reconstructed hardware repair edit media that has suffered a catastrophic electronic failure requires data recovery in order to salvage its contents a common misconception is that a damaged printed circuit board pcb may be simply replaced during recovery procedures by an identical pcb from a healthy drive while this may work in rare circumstances on hard disk drives manufactured before 2003 it will not work on newer drives electronics boards of modern drives usually contain drive specific adaptation data generally a map of bad sectors and tuning parameters and other information required to properly access data on the drive replacement boards often need this information to effectively recover all of the data the replacement board may need to be reprogrammed some manufacturers seagate for example store this information on a serial eeprom chip which can be removed and transferred to the replacement board 8 9 each hard disk drive has what is called a system area or service area this portion of the drive which is not directly accessible to the end user usually contains drive s firmware and adaptive data that helps the drive operate within normal parameters 10 one function of the system area is to log defective sectors within the drive essentially telling the drive where it can and cannot write data the sector lists are also stored on various chips attached to the pcb and they are unique to each hard disk drive if the data on the pcb do not match what is stored on the platter then the drive will not calibrate properly 11 in most cases the drive heads will click because they are unable to find the data matching what is stored on the pcb logical damage edit result of a failed data recovery from a hard disk drive the term logical damage refers to situations in which the error is not a problem in the hardware and requires software level solutions corrupt partitions and file systems media errors edit in some cases data on a hard disk drive can be unreadable due to damage to the partition table or file system or to intermittent media errors in the majority of these cases at least a portion of the original data can be recovered by repairing the damaged partition table or file system using specialized data recovery software such as testdisk software like ddrescue can image media despite intermittent errors and image raw data when there is partition table or file system damage this type of data recovery can be performed by people without expertise in drive hardware as it requires no special physical equipment or access to platters sometimes data can be recovered using relatively simple methods and tools 12 more serious cases can require expert intervention particularly if parts of files are irrecoverable data carving is the recovery of parts of damaged files using knowledge of their structure overwritten data edit see also data erasure after data has been physically overwritten on a hard disk drive it is generally assumed that the previous data are no longer possible to recover in 1996 peter gutmann a computer scientist presented a paper that suggested overwritten data could be recovered through the use of magnetic force microscopy 13 in 2001 he presented another paper on a similar topic 14 to guard against this type of data recovery gutmann and colin plumb designed a method of irreversibly scrubbing data known as the gutmann method and used by several disk scrubbing software packages substantial criticism has followed primarily dealing with the lack of any concrete examples of significant amounts of overwritten data being recovered 15 gutmann s article contains a number of errors and inaccuracies particularly regarding information about how data is encoded and processed on hard drives 16 although gutmann s theory may be correct there is no practical evidence that overwritten data can be recovered while research has shown to support that overwritten data cannot be recovered specify 17 18 19 solid state drives ssd overwrite data differently from hard disk drives hdd which makes at least some of their data easier to recover most ssds use flash memory to store data in pages and blocks referenced by logical block addresses lba which are managed by the flash translation layer ftl when the ftl modifies a sector it writes the new data to another location and updates the map so the new data appear at the target lba this leaves the pre modification data in place with possibly many generations and recoverable by data recovery software lost deleted and formatted data edit data stored on a physical drive can become inaccessible due to malware infection formatting errors or user caused accidental deletion in such scenarios data recovery utilities are often used to restore the inaccessible files logical bad sector edit in the list of logical failures of hard disks a logical bad sector is the most common fault leading data not to be readable sometimes it is possible to sidestep error detection even in software and perhaps with repeated reading and statistical analysis recover at least some of the underlying stored data sometimes prior knowledge of the data stored and the error detection and correction codes can be used to recover even erroneous data however if the underlying physical drive is degraded badly enough at least the hardware surrounding the data must be replaced or it might even be necessary to apply laboratory techniques to the physical recording medium each of the approaches is progressively more expensive and as such progressively more rarely sought eventually if the final physical storage medium has indeed been disturbed badly enough recovery will not be possible using any means the information has irreversibly been lost remote data recovery edit recovery experts do not always need to have physical access to the damaged hardware when the lost data can be recovered by software techniques they can often perform the recovery using remote access software over the internet lan or other connection to the physical location of the damaged media the process is essentially no different from what the end user could perform by themselves 20 remote recovery requires a stable connection with an adequate bandwidth however it is not applicable where access to the hardware is required as in cases of physical damage four phases of data recovery edit usually there are four phases when it comes to successful data recovery though that can vary depending on the type of data corruption and recovery required 21 phase 1 repair the hard disk drive the hard drive is repaired in order to get it running in some form or at least in a state suitable for reading the data from it for example if heads are bad they need to be changed if the pcb is faulty then it needs to be fixed or replaced if the spindle motor is bad the platters and heads should be moved to a new drive phase 2 image the drive to a new drive or a disk image file when a hard disk drive fails the importance of getting the data off the drive is the top priority the longer a faulty drive is used the more likely further data loss is to occur creating an image of the drive will ensure that there is a secondary copy of the data on another device on which it is safe to perform testing and recovery procedures without harming the source phase 3 logical recovery of files partition mbr and filesystem structures after the drive has been cloned to a new drive it is suitable to attempt the retrieval of lost data if the drive has failed logically there are a number of reasons for that using the clone it may be possible to repair the partition table or master boot record mbr in order to read the file system s data structure and retrieve stored data phase 4 repair damaged files that were retrieved data damage can be caused when for example a file is written to a sector on the drive that has been damaged this is the most common cause in a failing drive meaning that data needs to be reconstructed to become readable corrupted documents can be recovered by several software methods or by manually reconstructing the document using a hex editor restore disk edit the windows operating system can be reinstalled on a computer that is already licensed for it the reinstallation can be done by downloading the operating system or by using a restore disk provided by the computer manufacturer eric lundgren was fined and sentenced to u s federal prison in april 2018 for producing 28 000 restore disks and intending to distribute them for about 25 cents each as a convenience to computer repair shops 22 list of data recovery software edit bootable edit see also list of live cds rescue and repair data recovery cannot always be done on a running system as a result a boot disk live cd live usb or any other type of live distro contains a minimal operating system bartpe a lightweight variant of microsoft windows xp or windows server 2003 32 bit operating systems similar to a windows preinstallation environment which can be run from a live cd or live usb drive discontinued finnix a debian based live cd with a focus on being small and fast useful for computer and data rescue disk drill capable of creating bootable macos usb drives for data recovery knoppix contains utilities for data recovery under linux systemrescue an arch linux based live cd useful for repairing unbootable computer systems and retrieving data after a system crash grml a debian based live system for system administrators windows preinstallation environment winpe a customizable windows boot dvd made by microsoft and distributed for free can be modified to boot to any of the programs listed consistency checkers edit chkdsk a consistency checker for dos and windows systems disk first aid a consistency checker for the classic mac os disk utility a consistency checker for macos fsck a consistency checker for unix and unix like systems gparted a gui for gnu parted the gnu partition editor capable of calling fsck file recovery edit cdroller recovers data from optical disc disk drill data recovery application for macos and windows dmde multi platform data recovery and disk editing tool dvdisaster generates error correction data for optical discs getdataback a windows recovery program hetman partition recovery data drive recovery solution isobuster recovers data from optical discs usb sticks flash drives and hard drives lziprecover generates error correction data for any kind of file mac data recovery guru mac os x data recovery program which works on usb sticks optical media and hard drives minitool partition wizard for windows 7 and later includes data recovery norton utilities a suite of utilities that has a file recovery component photorec advanced multi platform program with text based user interface used to recover files recover my files proprietary software for windows 2000 and later fat ntfs and hfs recovery toolbox freeware and shareware tools plus online services for various windows 2000 and later programs recuva proprietary software for windows 2000 and later fat and ntfs stellar data recovery data recovery utility for windows and macos testdisk free open source multi platform recover files and lost partitions avg tuneup a suite of utilities that has a file recovery component for windows xp and later windows file recovery a command line utility from microsoft to recover deleted files for windows 10 version 2004 and later forensics edit see also computer forensics foremost an open source command line file recovery program originally developed by the air force office of special investigations and nps center for information systems security studies and research forensic toolkit by accessdata used by law enforcement open computer forensics architecture an open source program for linux the coroner s toolkit a suite of utilities for assisting in forensic analysis of a unix system after a break in the sleuth kit also known as tsk a suite of forensic analysis tools developed by brian carrier for unix linux and windows systems tsk includes the autopsy forensic browser imaging tools edit main article comparison of disk cloning software see...