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ring the italian resistance and the subsequent italian civil war and the liberation of italy 1943 1945 the aftermath of world war ii left italy also with an anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the fascist italy regime for the previous twenty years these frustrations contributed to a revival of the italian republican movement 27 italy became a republic after the 1946 italian institutional referendum 28 held on 2 june a day celebrated since as festa della repubblica italy has a written democratic constitution resulting from the work of a constituent assembly formed by the representatives of all the anti fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of nazi and fascist forces during the liberation of italy and the italian civil war 29 and coming into force on 1 january 1948 japan edit in japan limited democratic reforms were introduced during the meiji period when the industrial modernization of japan began the taishō period 1912 1926 and the early shōwa period 30 despite pro democracy movements such as the freedom and people s rights movement 1870s and 1880s and some proto democratic institutions japanese society remained constrained by a highly conservative society and bureaucracy 30 historian kent e calder notes that writers that meiji leadership embraced constitutional government with some pluralist features for essentially tactical reasons and that pre world war ii japanese society was dominated by a loose coalition of landed rural elites big business and the military that was averse to pluralism and reformism 30 while the imperial diet survived the impacts of japanese militarism the great depression and the pacific war other pluralistic institutions such as political parties did not after world war ii during the allied occupation japan adopted a much more vigorous pluralistic democracy 30 voting in valparaíso chile in 1888 madagascar edit this section is an excerpt from 1990 1992 movement in madagascar edit the 1990 1992 movement in madagascar malagasy fihetsiketsehana 1990 1992 teto madagasikara was a period of widespread popular unrest in madagascar between march 1990 and august 1992 it began as a wave of strike action against the autocratic regime of president didier ratsiraka and culminated in the promulgation of a new constitution and a period of democratic transition leading to ratsiraka handing the presidency to opposition leader albert zafy in march 1993 31 malawi edit this section is an excerpt from 1993 malawian democracy referendum edit part of a series on politics of malawi constitution human rights government president list peter mutharika vice president jane ansah cabinet legislature national assembly speaker catherine gotani hara elections general 1964 1971 1976 1978 1983 1987 1992 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2025 presidential 2020 referendums 1993 political parties administrative divisions regions districts traditional authorities foreign relations ministry of foreign affairs minister nancy tembo diplomatic missions of in malawi passport visa requirements visa policy national symbols flag anthem malawi portal other countries v t e banda agreed to hold the referendum in response to international pressure and growing domestic unrest opposition groups had initially doubted the legitimacy of the process but eventually participated once they were allowed to register as special interest groups and after a series of discussions led to an agreed legal framework major opposition participants included the catholic and presbyterian churches the united democratic front representing internal opponents and dissident government officials and the alliance for democracy linked to trade unions and opposition groups in exile 32 latin america edit countries in latin america became independent between 1810 and 1825 and soon had some early experiences with representative government and elections all latin american countries established representative institutions soon after independence the early cases being those of colombia in 1810 paraguay and venezuela in 1811 and chile in 1818 33 adam przeworski shows that some experiments with representative institutions in latin america occurred earlier than in most european countries 34 mass democracy in which the working class had the right to vote become common only in the 1930s and 1940s 35 portugal edit this section is an excerpt from portuguese transition to democracy edit portugal s redemocratization process started with the carnation revolution of 1974 it ended with the enactment of the constitution of portugal in 1976 philippines edit a picture of corazon aquino campaigning under the unido banner during the 1986 snap elections in 1986 democratic institutions throughout the philippines were reinstated during the deposition of the 20 year long marcos regime through the people power revolution barred constitutionally from running a third term by 1973 ferdinand marcos and his administration announced proclamation no 1081 on september 23 1972 a declaration of martial law that deliberately decreed emergency powers over every democratic functions in the country ostensibly under the pretext of a communist overthrow throughout the 20 year long martial law most civil liberties of the once democratic philippines were suppressed criminalized or just plainly abolished by 1981 the loan reliant economy of the marcos regime experienced unforecasted contractions when the reagan administration announced the lowering of american interest rates during the global recession at that time further plunging the philippine economy into debt in 1983 ninoy aquino a renowned dissident of the marcos regime returned to the philippines after his self exile in the united states after disembarking china airlines flight 811 on gate 8 at manila international airport aquino on the service steps of his van guarded by the aviation security command avescom was shot multiple times by assailants outside the van at point blank he died from his wounds on the way to fort bonifacio hospital in response to the assassination of aquino public outrage revitalized in the form of jose w diokno s nationalist liberal democrat umbrella organization the kilusan sa kapangyarihan at karapatan ng bayan or kaakbay then leading the justice for aquino justice for all or jaja movement jaja consisted of the social democrat dominant august twenty one movement or the atom led by butz aquino these political movements and organizations coalesced into the kongreso ng mamamayang pilipino or kompil a call for parliamentarianism and democratization during this period in the middle of 1984 jaja was replaced by the coalition for the restoration of democracy cord with largely the same principles in november 1985 the rapid development of opposition organizations swayed the marcos administration with some american intervention to announce the batas pambansa blg 883 national law no 883 a 1986 snap election by the unicameral body the regular batasang pambansa immediately after the decree the united nationalist democratic organization unido the main opposition multi party electoral alliance rallied even more public support headed by assigned party leader corazon aquino benigno aquino s wife and salvador laurel the 1986 snap election was marred with electoral fraud as discrepant figures from both the government sponsored election canvasser commission on elections comelec and the publicly accredited poll watcher national movement for free elections namfrel finalized different tally figures comelec announced a marcos victory of 10 810 000 votes against aquino s 9 300 000 while namfrel announced an aquino victory of 7 840 000 votes against marcos 7 050 000 the apparent tampered snap election stirred public unrest even prompting comelec technicians to proceed with a walkout mid voting an event cited to be the first act of civil disobedience during the people power revolution occurring afterwards were a series of popular demonstrations against the regime occurring from february 22 to 26 referred to as the people power revolution then culminating into the departure of marcos and the non violent transition of power restoring democracy under aquino s unido immediately after aquino s ascension she ratified proclamation no 3 a law declaring a provisional constitution and government the promulgation of the 1986 freedom constitution superseded many of the autocratic provisions of the 1973 constitution abolishing the regular batasang pambansa along with plebiscitarian dependence for the creation of a new congress the official adoption of the 1987 constitution signalled the completion of philippine democratization senegal edit this section is an excerpt from democracy in senegal edit the democracy in senegal was touted as one of the more stable democracies in africa with a long tradition of peaceful democratic discourse democratization proceeded gradually from 1970s to 1990s spain edit this section is an excerpt from spanish transition to democracy edit the spanish transition to democracy known in spain as la transición ipa la tɾansiˈθjon the transition or la transición española the spanish transition officially the spanish state from 1975 to 1978 and kingdom of spain thereafter was a period of modern spanish history encompassing the regime change that moved from the francoist dictatorship to the consolidation of a parliamentary system in the form of constitutional monarchy under juan carlos i the democratic transition began two days after the death of francisco franco in november 1975 36 initially the political elites left over from francoism attempted reform of the institutions of dictatorship through existing legal means 37 but social and political pressure saw the formation of a democratic parliament in the 1977 general election which had the imprimatur to write a new constitution that was then approved by referendum in december 1978 the following years saw the beginning of the development of the rule of law and establishment of regional government amidst ongoing terrorism an attempted coup d état and global economic problems 37 the transition is said to have concluded after the landslide victory of the spanish socialist workers party psoe in the 1982 general election and the first peaceful transfer of executive power 37 b south africa edit this section is an excerpt from negotiations to end apartheid in south africa edit f w de klerk and nelson mandela in july 1993 near the close of negotiations in philadelphia pennsylvania wait to jointly receive the liberty medal 40 part of a series on apartheid events 1948 general election coloured vote constitutional crisis 1956 treason trial sharpeville massacre rivonia trial 1971 72 namibian contract workers strike soweto uprising church street pretoria bombing vaal uprising trojan horse incident khotso house bombing cape town peace march codesa assassination of chris hani saint james church massacre 1994 bophuthatswana crisis shell house massacre organisations anc apla ifp awb bbb black sash ccb conservative party dp ecc fosatu pp rp pfp hnp herenigde hnp herstigte mk pac udf broederbond national party cosatu security branch sacc sadf saic sama sap sacp state security council people vernon berrangé p w botha steve biko mangosuthu buthelezi f w de klerk ruth first bram fischer arthur goldreich chris hani bantu holomisa joel joffe ahmed kathrada albert luthuli winnie madikizela mandela mac maharaj d f malan nelson mandela govan mbeki thabo mbeki raymond mhlaba benjamin moloise albertina sisulu walter sisulu j g strijdom joe slovo robert sobukwe helen suzman adelaide tambo oliver tambo eugène terre blanche desmond tutu h f verwoerd b j vorster jacob zuma places bantustan district six robben island sophiatown south west africa soweto sun city vlakplaas related topics afrikaner nationalism apartheid in popular culture apartheid legislation cape qualified franchise disinvestment campaign freedom charter internal resistance to apartheid kairos document music in the movement against apartheid nostalgia for apartheid project coast sullivan principles category v t e the apartheid system in south africa was ended through a series of bilateral and multi party negotiations between 1990 and 1993 the negotiations culminated in the passage of a new interim constitution in 1993 a precursor to the constitution of 1996 and in south africa s first non racial elections in 1994 won by the african national congress anc liberation movement south korea edit this section is an excerpt from june democratic struggle edit the june democratic struggle korean 6월 민주 항쟁 also known as the june democracy movement and the june uprising 41 was a nationwide pro democracy movement in south korea that generated mass protests from 10 to 29 june 1987 the demonstrations forced the ruling authoritarian government to hold direct presidential elections and institute other democratic reforms which led to the establishment of the sixth republic the present day government of the republic of korea south korea soviet union edit this section is an excerpt from demokratizatsiya soviet union edit demokratizatsiya see tfm russian демократизация ipa dʲɪməkrətʲɪˈzatsɨjə democratization was a slogan introduced by cpsu general secretary mikhail gorbachev in january 1987 calling for the infusion of democratic elements into the soviet union s single party government gorbachev s demokratizatsiya meant the introduction of multi candidate though not multi party elections for local communist party cpsu officials and soviets in this way he hoped to rejuvenate the party with reform minded personnel who would carry out his institutional and policy reforms the cpsu would retain sole custody of the ballot box 42 switzerland edit these paragraphs are an excerpt from federalism in switzerland edit the rise of federalism in switzerland began on 12 september 1848 with the creation of a federal constitution in response to a 27 day civil war the sonderbundskrieg roman republic edit this section is an excerpt from overthrow of the roman monarchy edit the overthrow of the roman monarchy was an event in ancient rome that took place between the 6th and 5th centuries bc where a political revolution replaced the then existing roman monarchy under lucius tarquinius superbus with a republic the details of the event were largely forgotten by the romans a few centuries later later roman historians presented a narrative of the events traditionally dated to c 509 bc but it is largely believed by modern scholars to be fictitious tunisia edit this section is an excerpt from tunisian revolution edit the tunisian revolution arabic الثورة التونسية also called the jasmine revolution and tunisian revolution of dignity 43 44 45 was an intensive 28 day campaign of civil resistance it included a series of street demonstrations which took place in tunisia and led to the ousting of longtime dictator zine el abidine ben ali in january 2011 46 it eventually led to a thorough democratization of the ...