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Text of the page (random words):
e field 14 december 1907 a sussex farmer born in 1850 tells how he and his forefathers made dew ponds the requisite hole having been excavated the chalk was laid down layer by layer while a team of oxen harnessed to a heavy broad wheeled cart was drawn round and round the cup shaped hole to grind the chalk to powder water was then thrown over the latter as work progressed and after nearly a day of this process the resultant mass of puddled chalk which had been reduced to the consistency of thick cream was smoothed out with the back of a shovel from the centre the surface being left at last as smooth and even as a sheet of glass a few days later in the absence of frost or heavy rain the chalk had become as hard as cement and would stand for years without letting water through this old method of making dew ponds seems to have died out when the oxen disappeared from the sussex hills but it is evident that the older ponds many of which have stood for scores of years practically without repair are still more watertight than most modern ones in which portland cement has been employed 4 the initial supply of water after construction has to be provided by the builders using artificial means a preferred method was to arrange to finish the excavation in winter so that any fallen snow could be collected and heaped into the centre of the pond to await melting 10 the discrete occupation of dew pond maker existed but was rare in the uk by the end of world war ii 11 history edit some people say an overhanging tree will help a pond 12 dew pond on hill above west leake nottinghamshire 52 50 11 n 1 12 57 w 52 836462 n 1 215963 w 52 836462 1 215963 circular catchment area visible in this derbyshire 53 13 19 n 1 40 54 w 53 22190 n 1 6818 w 53 22190 1 6818 dew pond pictured in winter the mystery of dew ponds has drawn the interest of many historians and scientists but until recent times there has been little agreement on their early origins it was widely believed that the technique for building dew ponds has been understood from the earliest times as kipling tells us in puck of pook s hill the flint men made the dewpond under chanctonbury ring 13 the two chanctonbury hill dew ponds were dated from flint tools excavated nearby and similarity to other dated earthworks to the neolithic period landscape archaeology too seemed to demonstrate that they were used by the inhabitants of the nearby hill fort probably from an earlier date than that of the surviving late bronze age structure for watering cattle 14 15 a more prosaic assessment from maud cunnington an archaeologist from wiltshire while not ruling out a prehistoric origin describes such positive interpretations of the available evidence as no more than flights of fancy 16 a strong claim to antiquity may however be made for at least one wiltshire dew pond a land deed dated 825 ce mentions oxenmere 51 22 33 n 1 50 54 w 51 375960 n 1 848221 w 51 375960 1 848221 at milk hill wiltshire showing that dew ponds were in use during the saxon period 16 17 the parliamentary enclosures of the mid eighteenth to mid nineteenth centuries caused many new upland ponds to be made as access to traditional sources of drinking water for livestock was cut off 3 the suggestion has also been made that the nursery rhyme about jack and jill may refer to collecting water from a dew pond at the top of a hill rather than from a well 18 19 the naturalist gilbert white writing in 1788 noted that during extended periods of summer drought the artificial ponds on the downs above his native selborne hampshire retained their water despite supplying flocks of sheep while larger ponds in the valley below had dried up 20 in 1877 h p slade observed that this was because the lower ponds have debris washed into them from surface water drainage making them shallow but the higher ones do not the smaller volume of water is depleted more rapidly 21 later observations demonstrated that during a night of favourable dew formation a typical increase in water level of some two or three inches was possible 14 however there remains controversy about the means of replenishment of dew ponds experiments conducted in 1885 to determine the origin of the water found that dew forms not from dampness in the air but from moisture in the ground directly beneath the site of the condensation dew therefore was ruled out as a source of replenishment 6 other scientists have pointed out that the 1885 experiments failed to take into account the insulating effect of the straw and the cooling effect of the damp clay the combined effect would be to keep the pond at a lower temperature than the surrounding earth and thus able to condense more moisture 14 in 1919 architect george hubbard in a lecture at the royal institute of british architects described how he constructed a 100 foot 30 metre square dew pond to demonstrate how to capture at night the large volume of water vapour contained in air warmed during the previous day the lining of the pond incorporated 2 500 slabs of mica 2 foot 0 61 metre square and of 2 inch 51 millimetre thickness set in sand pitch and asphalt for insulation from the warm earth after a rainless autumn night he found that above the insulated slabs only a thick layer of hoar frost had formed as the morning progressed the frost melted to produce hundreds if not thousands of gallons of water but this rapidly dried out in the heat of the sun 22 in turn these conclusions were disproved in the 1930s when it was pointed out that the heat retaining quality of water its thermal capacity was many times greater than that of earth and therefore the air above a pond in summer would be the last place to attract condensation the deciding factor it was concluded is the extent of the saucer shaped basin extending beyond the pond itself the large basin would collect more rainfall than a pond created without such a surrounding feature 23 eponym edit in 1979 naturalist ralph whitlock suggested an alternative origin of the name after dismissing as hopelessly wrong the proposal that dew was a corruption of the french language d eau water he described how the royal archives at windsor castle contained a reference to a certain mr dew as pond maker to king george iii in hampshire and surrey thus dew became an eponym for the artificial downland pond 24 measuring dew production edit the first scientific experiments to measure and correlate the rate of dew deposit with evaporation were made by harry pool slade of aston upthorpe berkshire between june 1876 and february 1877 at a dew pond on aston upthorpe downs 51 32 58 n 1 13 20 w 51 54944 n 1 22222 w 51 54944 1 22222 slade measured overnight dew deposit by weighing cotton wool when dry and after overnight exposure evaporation from copper pans beside the pond the depletion of the pond and relative humidity he found that on days with heavy overnight dewfall the level of water in the pond was not replenished but invariably diminished 21 25 26 instruments measuring condensation and evaporation at a helmfleeth dew pond 1970 in situ measurements of evaporation and condensation were taken at the helmfleeth dew pond in poppenbüll municipality eiderstedt peninsula in schleswig holstein germany using meteorological measuring instruments and a floating evaporation pan after bernhard brockamp julius werner 1970 27 these measurements proved the dew formation on the basis of temperature changes and the weather conditions 28 29 the helmfleeth dew pond is part of the water supply for a marsh area and is still in use today 30 reproductions of historical dew ponds edit in 2014 the traditional technique was verified by means of modern building material at reproductions of dew ponds in north friesland in this context various techniques were tried in two terrestrial hollows commercially available pvc film was used for the sealing and foam glass gravel for the insulation the construction was carried out by craftsmen and the climatological analysis by julius werner and wilhelm coldewey 31 distribution edit dew ponds are still common on the downlands of southern england the north derbyshire and staffordshire moorlands and in nottinghamshire see also edit air well condenser rainwater harvesting references edit oxford english dictionary dew pond mayhew susan 2004 a dictionary of geography dew pond 3 ed oxford england oxford university press isbn 0 19 860673 7 1 2 3 whitefield patrick 2009 the living landscape how to read and understand it east meon england permanent publications p 265 isbn 978 1 85623 043 8 1 2 martin 1915 96 brooks alan agate elizabeth 1976 waterways and wetlands doncaster british trust for conservation volunteers isbn 0 946752 30 3 1 2 johnson walter 1908 folk memory or the continuity of british archaeology oxford england oxford university press 1 2 martin 1915 84 85 martin 1915 133 135 159 martin 1915 160 clutterbuck 1865 273 strangest job in britain the isis recorder vol 47 no 94 queensland australia 27 november 1945 p 1 retrieved 30 october 2025 via national library of australia dew ponds to the rescue country life 2 june 2006 kipling rudyard 1900 puck of pook s hill london macmillan oclc 872301879 1 2 3 hubbard arthur john hubbard george 1905 neolithic dew ponds and cattleways london longman chanctonbury ring prehistory steyning museum 2005 archived from the original on 27 august 2008 retrieved 14 april 2008 1 2 cunnington maud elizabeth 1934 an introduction to the archæology of wiltshire from the earliest times to the pagan saxons devizes england george simpson and co question dew ponds wiltshire community history wiltshire council 3 january 2003 retrieved 25 may 2023 talman charles 1922 atmospheric byways meteorology the science of the atmosphere new york p f collier p 353 oclc 3299179 martin edward a september 1930 dew ponds antiquity 4 15 347 351 doi 10 1017 s0003598x00004932 white gilbert 1788 the natural history of selborne london benjamin white and son 1 2 slade harry poole 1877 a short practical treatise on dewponds london e f n spon oclc 28513303 water without springs rivers or rain construction of a dew pond the times no 42015 london 4 february 1919 p 5 pugsley alfred j 1939 dewponds in fable and fact london country life ltd pp 42 45 oclc 1628476 whitlock ralph may 1989 the dew pond myth the guardian weekly issn 0959 3608 scott r h 1881 agricultural and forest meteorology journal of the royal agricultural society 17 london royal agricultural society 66 the idea that the so called dew ponds are really filled by dew has been satisfactorily disposed of by mr h p slade gibson herbert 5 august 1910 the genesis and function of the dew pond journal of the royal society of arts 58 3011 london royal society of arts 847 849 jstor 41339264 a thick mist arose from the pond and rolled away over the downs leaving a strong dew deposition in its track brockamp b werner j 1970 ein weiterentwickeltes verdunstungsmessgerät für kleingewässer als beitrag zur hydrologischen dekade der unesco meteorologische rundschau 23 2 53 56 coldewey w g werner j wallmeyer c fischer g 2012 das geheimnis der himmelsteiche physikalische grundlagen einer historischen wasserversorgung im küstenraum in christoph ohlig ed dwhg 10 jahre wasserhistorische forschungen und berichte schriften der dwhg vol 20 2 siegburg pp 315 329 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link werner j coldewey w g wallmeyer c fischer g 2013 der tauteich helmfleeth im st johannis koog gemeinde poppenbüll messungen und berechnungen des wasserhaushalts 2010 zwischen eider und wiedau heimatkalender für nordfriesland 1 10 meier d coldewey w g 2012 wasserversorgung in den nordseemarschen von der römischen kaiserzeit bis zur frühen neuzeit in chistoph ohlig ed dwhg 10 jahre wasserhistorische forschungen und berichte schriften der dwhg vol 20 1 siegburg pp 249 260 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link werner j coldewey w g wesche d schütte h schütte f fähnders h neumann r 2016 studien der wasserbilanz an zwei modernen nachbauten historischer tauteiche an der nordseeküste in christoph ohlig ed neue beiträge zur hydrotechnik in der antike schriften der dwhg vol 25 siegburg pp 349 369 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link bibliography edit wikimedia commons has media related to dew ponds blundell e 1909 dewponds standard encyclopedia of modern agriculture allcroft a hadrian 1908 earthwork of england chapter 8 dewponds macmillan pp 265 286 clutterbuck j c 1865 prize essay on water supply journal of the royal agricultural society of england 2nd series vol 1 271 287 hubbard john hubbard george 1905 neolithic dew ponds and cattleways london longmans green and co 2nd ed 1907 3rd ed 1916 martin edward alfred 1914 dew ponds history observation and experiment london werner laurie oclc 505154175 history observation and experiment 2nd ed 1915 johnson walter 1908 folk memory or the continuity of british archaeology oxford oxford pp 295 318 construction of dew ponds journal articles edit beckett dufton may 11 1935 collection of dew on roofs nature 135 3419 798 9 doi 10 1038 135798b0 s2cid 30099986 walford e october 1924 the great dewpond myth discovery v 245 dewponds in specific locations edit allcroft a hadrian 1924 downland pathways methuen wills barclay 1989 the downland shepherds alan sutton farey john 1811 general view of agriculture and minerals of derbyshire pope a 1912 some dewponds in dorset dorset county chronicle office brentnall carter 1932 the marlborough county oxford university press pp 57 58 becket arthur 1949 the spirit of the downs 8th ed methuen sussex geology arthur co 1932 further reading edit sharan girja 2006 dew harvest to supplement drinking water sources in arid coastal belt of kutch new delhi ahmedabad centre for environment education foundation books isbn 9788175963269 pugsley alfred john 1939 dewponds in fable and fact london country life ltd hubbard arthur john george hubbard 1905 neolithic dew ponds and cattle ways longmans green and co dew ponds cox evelyn cox 1978 the great drought of 1976 hutchinson readers union group external links edit articles edit building instructions from popular science article about dew ponds in ascension island images edit dew pond images at geograph v t e ponds pools and puddles ponds ash pond balancing lake ballast pond beel cooling pond detention pond dew pond evaporation pond facultative lagoon garden pond ice pond immersion pond infiltration basin kettle pond log pond melt pond mill pond polishing pond raceway pond retention pond sag pond salt evaporation pond sediment pond settling pond solar pond stepwell stew pond tailings tarn waste pond waste stabilization pond pools anchialine pool brine pool infinity pool natural pool ocean pool plunge pool reflecting pool spent fuel pool stream pool swimming pool tide pool vernal pool puddles bird bath coffee ring effect puddle puddles on a surface seep puddle biome beaver dam duck pond fish pond goldfish pond koi pond ecosystems aquatic ecosy...