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rm of government but a term describing the class content of the state that would follow the overthrow of the capitalist class it was a synonym for rule of the proletariat a workers state or the conquest of political power by the proletariat and it did not imply any specific institutional setup 27 28 marx s use of the term emerged in the context of the post revolutionary period of 1848 1849 a time of political analysis and stock taking draper argues that marx strategically adopted the phrase class dictatorship to counter the prevailing jacobin blanquist conception of a revolutionary dictatorship by a party or an elite minority in opposition to the dictatorship of a party over the proletariat marx counterposed the dictatorship of the proletariat the democratic rule of the entire working class 29 30 other historians such as richard n hunt have likewise argued against identifying marx and engels s concept with the babouvist blanquist model of educational dictatorship by an elite 31 first appearances 1850 1852 edit karl marx marx first used the term dictatorship of the working class in 1850 in the first of a series of articles later republished as the class struggles in france 1848 to 1850 recounting the defeat of the workers uprising in june 1848 he wrote that in place of their earlier demands there appeared the bold slogan of revolutionary struggle overthrow of the bourgeoisie dictatorship of the working class 16 32 draper argues that since there is no record of this slogan actually being used by the workers marx was likely proposing it himself putting words to the inchoate working class aspiration expressed in the revolution 33 34 in the third article of the series published in march 1850 marx elaborated on what revolutionary socialism entailed 35 the proletariat increasingly organizes itself around revolutionary socialism around communism for which the bourgeoisie itself has invented the name of blanqui this socialism is the declaration of the permanence of the revolution the class dictatorship of the proletariat as the necessary transit point to the abolition of class distinctions generally 35 36 37 38 here marx links the concept of class dictatorship to the name of blanqui draper and hunt suggest that marx was not claiming the slogan came from blanqui but rather that the bourgeoisie had attached blanqui s name to revolutionary socialism as a bogeyman this refers to events in 1848 when the bourgeoisie circulated stories that the workers demonstrations were part of a blanquist plot to impose communism 39 40 hunt argues that by adopting the fearsome sounding dictatorship but emphasizing its class nature klassen diktatur marx was attempting to persuade the blanquists to accept the idea of class rule instead of clique rule 41 in april 1850 marx and engels together with blanquist refugees in london and the left wing chartist leader george julian harney co signed the statutes of the société universelle des communistes révolutionnaires sucr article 1 stated the society s aim was the overthrow of all the privileged classes and to submit these classes to the dictatorship of the proletariat by maintaining the revolution in permanence until the realisation of communism 35 42 43 the project was short lived and collapsed within months due to political disagreements 44 according to draper the formulation was a compromise the blanquists were satisfied by its revolutionary tone while for marx and engels the key was that it specified the dictatorship of the entire class of proletarians not of a conspiratorial clique 30 45 the term s next major appearance was in a letter from marx to joseph weydemeyer on 5 march 1852 in it marx stated what he believed his new contribution to socialist theory was what i did that was new was to prove 1 that the existence of classes is only bound up with particular historical phases in the development of production 2 that the class struggle necessarily leads to the dictatorship of the proletariat 3 that this dictatorship itself only constitutes the transition to the abolition of all classes and to a classless society 46 47 48 38 the paris commune and after 1871 1891 edit barricade during the paris commune of 1871 which marx and engels regarded as an example of the dictatorship of the proletariat after 1852 the term did not appear in the writings of marx and engels for nearly two decades it re emerged in the aftermath of the paris commune of 1871 a revolutionary government established by the workers of paris on 24 or 25 september 1871 at a banquet celebrating the seventh anniversary of the first international marx gave a speech in which he stated the last movement was the commune the greatest that has yet been made and there could not be two opinions about it the commune was the conquest of the political power of the working classes but before such a change could be effected a proletarian dictature would become necessary and the first condition of that was a proletarian army the working classes would have to conquer the right to emancipate themselves on the battlefield 49 50 the question of whether the transition to a workers state must be violent or could be peaceful was a key point of discussion marx noted that in countries with developed democratic institutions such as the us britain and the netherlands a peaceful path was possible 51 52 in an 1871 speech he stated that revolutionaries would act peacefully wherever possible 51 though he acknowledged that a peaceful development was contingent on the old ruling class not obstructing it by force 51 in contrast to the interpretation of scholars like draper who emphasize the democratic and peaceful as possible nature of marx s conception august nimtz argues that marx saw a need for violence and consequently centralization 51 friedrich engels in his 1873 polemic against the anarchists on authority engels wrote that a revolution must maintain its rule by means of the terror which its arms inspire in the reactionaries when challenged to explain what this rule would look like he pointed to the example of the paris commune 53 in a 1874 article on the blanquist refugees engels explicitly contrasted the blanquist conception of dictatorship with the marxist one from blanqui s assumption that any revolution may be made by the outbreak of a small revolutionary minority follows of itself the necessity of a dictatorship after the success of the venture this is of course a dictatorship not of the entire revolutionary class the proletariat but of the small minority that has made the revolution and who are themselves previously organized under the dictatorship of one or several individuals we see then that blanqui is a revolutionary of the preceding generation 54 55 56 57 58 in 1874 1875 marx wrote extensive private notes on mikhail bakunin s book statism and anarchy which had accused him of advocating an authoritarian educational dictatorship of learned socialists over the people the exchange in marx s notebook reveals his opposition to such a concept 59 when bakunin sarcastically outlined what he believed to be the marxist theory of a veritable dictatorship of men of learning to educate and uplift the people marx s marginal note was quelle rêverie what a pipe dream 60 marx wrote that the class rule of the workers would last only until the economic basis that makes the existence of classes possible has been destroyed and he explicitly abstained from using the word dictatorship in his response to bakunin s charge reverting to the german klassenherrschaft class rule instead 60 marx also countered bakunin s claim that a workers government would simply rule over the peasantry in countries with a large peasant population marx wrote the proletariat must take steps that will immediately improve his position and thus win him over to the revolution these measures should further the transition from private to communal ownership of land in such a way that the peasant comes to it of his own accord on economic grounds 61 62 on the question of governance marx rejected bakunin s portrayal of a new ruling elite when bakunin asked if all forty million germans would be members of the government marx replied certainly for the thing begins with the self government of the communities 51 63 64 first page of the critique of the gotha program as published in die neue zeit in 1891 the most famous use of the term appeared in a private letter marx s 1875 critique of the gotha program a critique of the draft program of the social democratic party of germany in it he wrote between the capitalist and the communist society lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other to this there corresponds a political transition period whose state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat 65 66 67 38 68 engels used the phrase for the final times in 1891 in his introduction to a new edition of marx s the civil war in france he concluded his historical overview of the paris commune with the words of late the social democratic philistine has once more been filled with wholesome terror at the phrase dictatorship of the proletariat well and good gentlemen do you want to know what this dictatorship looks like look at the paris commune that was the dictatorship of the proletariat 69 70 71 52 in his critique of the draft of the erfurt program of the german social democratic party engels stated that our party and the working class can come to power only under the form of the democratic republic this is even the specific form for the dictatorship of the proletariat as the great french revolution has already shown 72 73 74 71 75 76 77 52 the paris commune as a model edit for both marx and engels the paris commune was a concrete example of the dictatorship of the proletariat draper s analysis identifies three key aspects of their view of the commune that corresponded to this concept workers control marx described the commune as essentially a working class government a form in which the working class held political power 78 79 he declared that the true secret of the commune was that it was the political form at last discovered under which to work out the economic emancipation of labour 80 hegemony of the proletariat marx emphasized that the commune was not just a government of the working class but one that was recognized as the leader of all healthy elements of french society he noted that the great bulk of the paris middle class acknowledged the commune as the only class capable of social initiative this demonstrated the principle of hegemony where the revolutionary working class becomes the leader of other classes and social elements 81 82 democratic governance marx celebrated the commune s democratic and anti bureaucratic features which he saw as a revolution against the state itself 83 for marx the commune provided the basis of really democratic institutions and was a government of the people by the people 84 85 he highlighted its structural innovations the abolition of the standing army in favor of a popular militia the use of universal suffrage to elect fully recallable delegates and officials the payment of workmen s wages for public officials the unification of executive and legislative functions the separation of church and state and the plan for a decentralized federation of communes across france 80 86 the abolition of the standing army was central to marx and engels s understanding they held a dual conception of the state the state as a parasitic body of professional administrators and soldiers standing apart from society and the state as an instrument of class coercion the commune they argued had smashed the parasite state by deprofessionalizing the army police bureaucracy and judiciary and replacing them with ordinary people serving on a short term rotational basis the coercive functions of the state however remained in the form of the national guard now a workers militia 87 engels famously argued that this new coercive power made up of the armed people was no longer a state in the proper sense of the word 88 89 in contrast the blanquists who participated in the commune saw it as a revolutionary dictatorship in the traditional sense they advocated for the creation of a committee of public safety modeled on the original from 1793 and believed the commune s primary mission was to defend the revolution through military and police action postponing democratic and social reforms 90 85 in the second international edit after friedrich engels s death in 1895 the interpretation of the dictatorship of the proletariat became a point of contention within the second international according to draper marx s original meaning the rule of the working class was widely misunderstood and reinterpreted to mean something about specific governmental forms or policies often of an anti democratic nature 91 eduard bernstein karl kautsky the revisionist wing of the movement led by eduard bernstein was the first to attack the concept directly in his 1899 book evolutionary socialism bernstein recommended dropping the phrase altogether arguing it was incompatible with parliamentary democracy he dismissed the concept of a dictatorship of the classes as a political atavism belonging to a lower civilisation and antithetical to the liberal traditions of social democracy 92 52 reformist socialists like jean jaurès similarly counterposed marx s dictatorship to democracy assuming it meant the suspension of popular consent 93 the orthodox marxist center represented by karl kautsky offered a muddled defense before 1917 kautsky s writings were inconsistent in 1893 he wrote that a parliamentary republic with a socialist majority could be as good an instrument of the dictatorship of the proletariat as it is an instrument of the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie 94 95 at other times he suggested that while the class rule of the proletariat did not necessarily entail special dictatorial measures such measures might become necessary for draper kautsky failed to grasp that for marx the term did not refer to governmental measures at all but to the class character of political power 96 rosa luxemburg in contrast to both revisionists and the orthodox center rosa luxemburg consistently used the term in what draper considers the original marxist sense for luxemburg the dictatorship of the proletariat was simply the conquest of political power by the working class synonymous with the establishment of a workers state she saw no contradiction between this dictatorship and democracy as both referred to the rule of the vast majority of the population 97 in the russian marxist movement edit the concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat took on a particular meaning in the russian socialist movement largely shaped by georgi plekhanov and later redefined by vladimir lenin georgi plekhanov and the 1903 program edit georgi plekhanov georgi plekhanov the father of russian marxism was responsible for introdu...