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direct manipulation interface wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 in the contrast to wimp gui interfaces 2 in computer graphics 3 see also 4 references toggle the table of contents direct manipulation interface 6 languages العربية español עברית bahasa indonesia português svenska edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia interface in computer science human computer interaction and interaction design for other uses see manipulation this article includes a list of general references but lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations december 2011 learn how and when to remove this message in computer science human computer interaction and interaction design direct manipulation is an approach to interfaces which involves continuous representation of objects of interest together with rapid reversible and incremental actions and feedback 1 as opposed to other interaction styles for example the command language the intention of direct manipulation is to allow a user to manipulate objects presented to them using actions that correspond at least loosely to manipulation of physical objects an example of direct manipulation is resizing a graphical shape such as a rectangle by dragging its corners or edges with a mouse having real world metaphors for objects and actions can make it easier for a user to learn and use an interface some might say that the interface is more natural or intuitive and rapid incremental feedback allows a user to make fewer errors and complete tasks in less time because they can see the results of an action before completing the action thus evaluating the output and compensating for mistakes the term was introduced by ben shneiderman in 1982 within the context of office applications and the desktop metaphor 2 3 individuals in academia and computer scientists doing research on future user interfaces often put as much or even more stress on tactile control and feedback or sonic control and feedback than on the visual feedback given by most guis as a result the term has been more widespread in these environments citation needed in the contrast to wimp gui interfaces edit direct manipulation is closely associated with interfaces that use windows icons menus and a pointing device wimp gui as these almost always incorporate direct manipulation to at least some degree however direct manipulation should not be confused with these other terms as it does not imply the use of windows or even graphical output for example direct manipulation concepts can be applied to interfaces for blind or vision impaired users using a combination of tactile and sonic devices and software compromises to the degree to which an interface implements direct manipulation are frequently seen for some examples most versions of windowing interfaces allow users to reposition a window by dragging it with the mouse in early systems redrawing the window while dragging was not feasible due to computational limitations instead a rectangular outline of the window was drawn while dragging the complete window contents were redrawn once the user released the mouse button in computer graphics edit because of the difficulty of visualizing and manipulating various aspects of computer graphics including geometry creation and editing animation the layout of objects and cameras light placement and other effects direct manipulation is a significant part of 3d computer graphics there is standard direct manipulation widgets as well as many unique widgets that are developed either as a better solution to an old problem or as a solution for a new and or unique problem the widgets attempt to allow the user to modify an object in any possible direction while also providing easy guides or constraints to allow the user to easily modify an object in the most common directions while also attempting to be as intuitive as to the function of the widget as possible the three most ubiquitous transformation widgets are mostly standardized and are the translation widget which usually consists of three arrows aligned with the orthogonal axes centered on the object to be translated dragging the center of the widget translates the object directly underneath the mouse pointer in the plane parallel to the camera plane while dragging any of the three arrows translates the object along the appropriate axis the axes may be aligned with the world space axes the object space axes or some other space the rotation widget which usually consists of three circles aligned with the three orthogonal axes and one circle aligned with the camera plane dragging any of the circles rotates the object around the appropriate axis while dragging elsewhere will freely rotate the object virtual trackball rotation the scale widget which usually consists of three short lines aligned with the orthogonal axes terminating in boxes and one box in the center of the widget dragging any of the three axis aligned boxes effects a non uniform scale along solely that axis while dragging the center box effects a uniform scale on all three axes at once depending on the specific standard uses of an object different kinds of widgets may be used for example a light in computer graphics is like any other object also defined by a transformation translation and rotation but it is sometimes positioned and directed simply with its endpoint positions this is because it may be more intuitive to define the location of the light source and then define the light s target rather than rotating it around the coordinate axes to point it at a known position other widgets may be unique for a particular tool such as edge controls to change the cone of a spotlight points and handles to define the position and tangent vector for a spline control point circles of variable size to define a blur filter width or paintbrush size ik targets for hands and feet or color wheels and swatches for quickly choosing colors complex widgets may even incorporate some from scientific visualization to efficiently present relevant data such as vector fields for particle effects or false color images to display vertex maps direct manipulation as well as user interface design in general for 3d computer graphics tasks is still an active area of invention and innovation the process of generating cg images is not considered to be intuitive or easy in comparison to the difficulty of what the user wants to do especially for complex and less common tasks the user interface for word processing for example is commonly used it is easy to learn for new users and is sufficient for most word processing purposes so it is a mostly solved and standardized ui however the user interfaces for 3d computer graphics are usually either challenging to learn and use or not sufficiently powerful for complex tasks so direct manipulation and user interfaces will vary wildly from application to application see also edit object action interface oai natural user interface references edit kwon bum chul wagas javed niklas elmgvist ji soo yi may 2011 direct manipulation through surrogate objects proceedings of the sigchi conference on human factors in computing systems pdf pp 627 636 doi 10 1145 1978942 1979033 isbn 978 1 4503 0228 9 archived from the original pdf on 2014 02 01 retrieved 2013 06 09 shneiderman ben 1982 the future of interactive systems and the emergence of direct manipulation behaviour information technology 1 3 237 256 doi 10 1080 01449298208914450 shneiderman ben august 1983 direct manipulation a step beyond programming languages ieee computer 1 8 57 69 doi 10 1109 mc 1983 1654471 archived from the original on 8 february 2012 retrieved 2010 12 28 frohlich david m 1993 the history and future of direct manipulation behaviour information technology 12 6 315 329 doi 10 1080 01449299308924396 shneiderman ben designing the user interface strategies for effective human computer interaction 1987 hutchins edwin l james d hollan and donald norman direct manipulation interfaces 1985 shneiderman ben direct manipulation a step beyond programming languages ieee computer 16 8 august 1983 57 69 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title direct_manipulation_interface oldid 1373022613 category user interface techniques hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles lacking in text citations from december 2011 all articles lacking in text citations all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from november 2011 this page was last edited on 3 september 2026 at 15 36 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents direct manipulation interface 6 languages add topic