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directory service wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 comparison with relational databases 2 replication and distribution 3 implementations toggle implementations subsection 3 1 ldap implementations 4 using name services toggle using name services subsection 4 1 unix systems 5 see also 6 references toggle references subsection 6 1 citations 6 2 sources toggle the table of contents directory service 27 languages کوردی čeština deutsch español فارسی suomi français עברית magyar interlingua italiano 日本語 kabɩyɛ 한국어 bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål polski português русский svenska தமிழ் ไทย українська tiếng việt ייִדיש 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from directory services service that maps the names of network resources to their respective network addresses in computing a directory service or name service maps the names of network resources to their respective network addresses it is a shared information infrastructure for locating managing administering and organizing everyday items and network resources which can include volumes folders files printers users groups devices telephone numbers and other objects a directory service is a critical component of a network operating system a directory server or name server is a server which provides such a service each resource on the network is considered an object by the directory server information about a particular resource is stored as a collection of attributes associated with that resource or object a directory service defines a namespace for the network the namespace is used to assign a name unique identifier to each of the objects directories typically have a set of rules determining how network resources are named and identified which usually includes a requirement that the identifiers be unique and unambiguous when using a directory service a user does not have to remember the physical address of a network resource providing a name locates the resource some directory services include access control provisions limiting the availability of directory information to authorized users comparison with relational databases edit several things distinguish a directory service from a relational database data can be made redundant if it aids performance e g by repeating values through rows in a table instead of relating them to the contents of a different table through a key which technique is called denormalization another technique could be the utilization of replicas for increasing actual throughput 1 directory schemas are object classes attributes name bindings and knowledge namespaces where an object class has must attributes that each instances must have may attributes which can be defined for an instance but can be omitted with the absence similar to null in a relational database attributes are sometimes multi valued allowing multiple naming attributes at one level such as machine type and serial number concatenation or multiple phone numbers for work phone attributes and object classes are usually standardized throughout the industry for example x 500 attributes and classes are often formally registered with the iana for their object id citation needed therefore directory applications try to reuse standard classes and attributes to maximize the benefit of existing directory server software object instances are slotted into namespaces each object class inherits from its parent object class and ultimately from the root of the hierarchy adding attributes to the must may list directory services are often central to the security design of an it system and have a correspondingly fine granularity of access control replication and distribution edit replication and distribution have distinct meanings in the design and management of a directory service replication is used to indicate that the same directory namespace the same objects are copied to another directory server for redundancy and throughput reasons the replicated namespace is governed by the same authority distribution is used to indicate that multiple directory servers in different namespaces are interconnected to form a distributed directory service each namespace can be governed by a different authority implementations edit directory services were part of an open systems interconnection osi initiative for common network standards and multi vendor interoperability during the 1980s the itu and iso created the x 500 set of standards for directory services initially to support the requirements of inter carrier electronic messaging and network name lookup the lightweight directory access protocol ldap is based on the x 500 directory information services using the tcp ip stack and an x 500 directory access protocol dap string encoding scheme on the internet systems developed before the x 500 include domain name system dns the first directory service on the internet 2 still in use hesiod based on dns and used at mit s project athena network information service nis originally yellow pages yp sun microsystems implementation of a directory service for unix network environments it played a role similar to hesiod netinfo developed by next during the late 1980s for nextstep after its acquisition by apple it was released as open source and was the directory service for mac os x before it was deprecated for the ldap based open directory support for netinfo was removed with the release of 10 5 leopard banyan vines first scalable directory service nt domains developed by microsoft to provide directory services for windows machines before the release of the ldap based active directory in windows 2000 windows vista continues to support nt domains after relaxing its minimum authentication protocols ldap implementations edit ldap x 500 based implementations include 389 directory server free open source server implementation by red hat with commercial support by red hat and suse active directory microsoft s directory service for windows originating from the x 500 directory created for use in exchange server first shipped with windows 2000 server and supported by successive versions of windows apache directory server directory service written in java supporting ldap kerberos 5 and the change password protocol ldapv3 certified apple open directory apple s directory server for mac os x available through mac os x server edirectory netiq s implementation of directory services supports multiple architectures including windows netware linux and several flavours of unix and is used for user administration and configuration and software management previously known as novell directory services red hat directory server red hat released red hat directory server acquired from aol s netscape security solutions unit 3 as a commercial product running on top of red hat enterprise linux as the community supported 389 directory server project upstream open source project is called freeipa oracle internet directory oid is oracle corporation s directory service compatible with ldap version 3 sun java system directory server sun microsystems directory service 4 opends open source directory service in java backed by sun microsystems 5 oracle unified directory oud is oracle corporation s next generation unified directory solution it integrates storage synchronization and proxy functionalities windows nt directory services ntds later renamed active directory replaced the former nt domain system critical path directory server openldap derived from the original university of michigan ldap implementation like netscape red hat fedora and sun jsds implementations it supports all computer architectures including unix and unix derivatives linux windows z os and a number of embedded realtime systems lotus domino nexor directory opendj a java based ldap server and directory client that runs in any operating environment under license cddl developed by forgerock until 2016 6 now maintained by opendj community open source tools to create directory services include openldap the kerberos protocol and samba software which can function as a windows domain controller with kerberos and ldap back ends administration is by gosa or samba swat using name services edit unix systems edit name services on unix systems are typically configured through nsswitch conf information from name services can be retrieved with getent see also edit access control list directory services markup language hierarchical database model ldap data interchange format metadirectory service delivery platform virtual directory references edit citations edit when and how you should denormalize a relational database rubygarage org retrieved 2023 04 30 rfc1034 ietf org 1978 11 01 retrieved 2018 02 13 red hat spending 23 million for ex netscape security solutions business retrieved 2018 04 22 oracle and sun sun com 2010 09 07 retrieved 2012 01 09 java net opends dev java net archived from the original on 2007 07 04 retrieved 2012 01 09 forgerock has shuttered the open source community and no longer allows new development on their platform under a permissive license timeforafork june 1 2017 archived from the original on october 3 2017 retrieved june 1 2017 sources edit carter gerald 2003 ldap system administration o reilly media isbn 978 1 56592 491 8 authority control databases national united states czech republic israel other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title directory_service oldid 1362285609 categories computer access control computer access control protocols directory services domain name system hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from june 2019 this page was last edited on 2 july 2026 at 23 48 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents directory service 27 languages add topic