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disk operating system wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history 2 os extensions 3 main oses 4 see also 5 references toggle the table of contents disk operating system 17 languages العربية български català deutsch español فارسی français gaeilge galego italiano 日本語 қазақша 한국어 polski português toki pona 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia operating system focused on disk based file operations this article is about disk operating systems in the broadest sense for the disk operating system used by ibm pc compatibles see dos for ibm mainframe operating systems see dos 360 and successors this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources disk operating system news newspapers books scholar jstor august 2009 learn how and when to remove this message a disk operating system dos is a computer operating system that requires a hard disk hdd floppy disk solid state drive ssd or other direct access storage device as secondary storage a dos provides a file system and a means for loading and running programs stored on the disk the term is now historical as most if not all operating systems for general purpose computers now require direct access storage devices as secondary storage history edit before modern storage such as hard disks floppy disks and flash storage early computers used storage such as punched card punched tape magnetic tape and magnetic drum early microcomputers and home computers used paper tape audio cassette tape such as kansas city standard or no permanent storage at all without permanent storage programs and data are input directly into memory using front panel switches or is input through a computer terminal or keyboard sometimes controlled by a basic interpreter in rom when power is turned off all information is lost in the early 1960s as disk drives became larger and more affordable various mainframe computer and minicomputer vendors introduced disk operating systems and modified existing operating systems to use disks hard disks and floppy disks require software to manage rapid access to block storage of sequential and other data for most microcomputers a disk drive of any kind was an optional peripheral systems could be used with a tape drive or booted without a storage device at all the disk operating system component of the operating system was only needed when a disk drive was used by the time ibm announced the system 360 mainframes the concept of a disk operating system was well established although ibm did offer basic programming support bps 360 and tape operating system 360 tos 360 for small systems they were out of the mainstream and most customers used either dos 360 or os 360 most home and personal computers of the late 1970s and 1980s used a disk operating system most often with dos in the name and simply referred to as dos in the context of its user community for example cbm dos atari dos trs dos apple dos apple prodos and ms dos cp m is also a disk operating system despite not having dos in the name 1 a dos is usually loaded from a disk but there are exceptions such as commodore s disk drive for the commodore 64 and vic 20 which contain the dos in read only memory rom some versions of amigados mostly resides in rom as a part of an amiga s kickstart firmware os extensions edit commodore dos is on 8 bit commodore computers such as the commodore 64 unlike most other dos systems it is integrated into the disk drives not loaded into the computer s own memory atari dos is used by the atari 8 bit computers the atari os only offers low level disk access so an extra layer called dos can be booted from a floppy for higher level functions such as filesystems 2 third party replacements for atari dos include dos xl spartados mydos turbodos and top dos msx dos is for the msx computer standard the initial version released in 1984 is ms dos 1 0 ported to z80 in 1988 version 2 has facilities such as subdirectories memory management and environment strings the msx dos kernel resides in rom built in on the disk controller so basic file access capacity is available even without the command interpreter by using basic extended commands disc filing system dfs is an optional component for the acorn bbc micro as a kit with a disk controller chip a rom chip and a few logic chips to be installed inside the computer advanced disc filing system adfs is a successor to acorn s dfs amsdos is for the amstrad cpc computers gdos and g dos is for the d and disciple disk interfaces for the zx spectrum main oses edit some disk operating systems are the operating systems for the entire computer system the burroughs now unisys master control program 3 mcp for the b5000 originally runs from a drum but starting with the b5500 it runs from a disk it is the basis for the mcp on the b6500 b7500 and successors the sipros chippewa operating system cos scope mace and kronos operating systems 4 on the control data corporation cdc 6000 series and 7600 are all disk operating systems kronos became nos and scope became nos be the gecos 5 operating system for the ge later honeywell and groupe bull 600 family of mainframes it later became gcos the ibm basic operating system 360 6 bos 360 disk operating system 360 7 dos 360 and operating system 360 8 os 360 are standard for all but the smallest system 360 installations the 360 67 also has control program 67 cambridge monitor system 9 cp 67 cms and time sharing system 360 10 tss 360 bos is gone cp 67 cms has evolved into z vm dos has evolved into z vse os has evolved into z os and tss 360 evolved into tss 370 prpq which is now gone the exec ii operating system for the univac 1107 and 1108 and the exec 8 operating system for the 1108 which has evolved into os 2200 for the unisys clearpath dorado series the dos 11 operating system for dec pdp 11 minicomputers cp m is a disk operating system as the main or alternate operating system for numerous microcomputers of the 1970s and 1980s apple dos is the primary operating system for the apple ii from 1979 with the introduction of the floppy disk drive until 1983 when it was replaced by prodos trsdos is the operating system for the trs 80 line of computers from tandy 11 ms dos for ibm pc compatibles with intel x86 cpus 86 dos was modeled on cp m and then was adapted as the basis for microsoft s ms dos it was rebranded by ibm as pc dos until 1993 various compatible systems were later produced by different organizations starting with dr dos in 1988 see also edit list of disk operating systems called dos live cd references edit dahmke mark 1983 07 01 cp m plus the new disk operating system is faster and more efficient than cp m byte magazine vol 8 no 7 p 360 wilkinson bill 1982 inside atari dos greensboro nc compute books isbn 0 942386 02 7 archived from the original on 2017 10 02 a narrative description of the burroughs b5500 disk file master control program pdf systems documentation burroughs october 1966 1023579 archived pdf from the original on 2025 04 26 retrieved 2025 03 08 cdc operating system history pdf cdc archived pdf from the original on 2011 03 22 retrieved 2020 05 04 ge 635 comprehensive operating supervisor gecos pdf general electric july 1964 cpb 1002 archived pdf from the original on 2024 06 21 retrieved 2025 03 08 ibm system 360 basic programming support and ibm basic operating system 360 programming systems summary pdf systems reference library ibm archived pdf from the original on 2019 09 29 retrieved 2020 05 04 ibm system 360 disk and tape operating systems concepts and facilities pdf systems reference library ninth ed ibm october 1970 gc24 5030 8 archived pdf from the original on 2023 12 24 retrieved 2025 03 08 ibm operating system 360 concepts and facilities pdf systems reference library ibm 1965 c28 6535 0 control program 67 cambridge monitor system cp 67 cms version 3 1 program number 3600 05 2 005 system description manual pdf type iii class a program third ed ibm september 1971 gh20 0802 2 archived pdf from the original on january 9 2023 retrieved january 9 2023 ibm system 360 time sharing system concepts and facilities pdf systems reference library fourth ed ibm september 1968 c28 2003 3 retrieved january 9 2023 definitive list of trs 80 model ii operating systems archived from the original on 2025 02 12 retrieved 2025 03 08 v t e disk operating systems dos api timeline comparison commands games ms dos ibm pc dos compatible systems ms dos multitasking ms dos 4 0 4 1 ms dos 7 ibm pc dos dos v dr dos h dos novell dos rom dos sisne plus pts dos freedos other x86 4680 os 4690 os 86 dos ados concurrent cp m 86 concurrent dos cp m 86 cp k datapac system manager dos plus k8918 os flexos mp m 86 multiuser dos netware palmdos novell dos opendos pc mos 386 real 32 sb 86 scp1700 towns os turbodos other platforms amigados amsdos andos apple dos apple prodos apple sos atari dos atari tos bw dos commodore dos concurrent dos 68k concurrent dos v60 cp m cromemco dos csi dos dec batch 11 dos 11 dip dos dos 360 dos xl edos eos flex gemdos idedos imdos is dos isis mdos microdos mp m msx dos mydos newdos 80 os m ptdos realdos sb 80 scp sinclair qdos rdos smartdos spartados spartados x technical support superdos top dos tr dos trsdos turbodos udos z dos z80 rio category list v t e operating systems general comparison forensic engineering history list timeline usage share user features comparison variants disk operating system distributed operating system embedded operating system hobbyist operating system just enough operating system mobile operating system network operating system object oriented operating system real time operating system supercomputer operating system kernel architectures exokernel hybrid microkernel monolithic multikernel vkernel rump kernel unikernel components device driver loadable kernel module user space and kernel space process management concepts computer multitasking cooperative preemptive context switch interrupt ipc process process control block pcb real time thread thread control block tcb time sharing scheduling algorithms fixed priority preemptive multilevel feedback queue round robin shortest job next memory management resource protection bus error general protection fault memory paging memory protection protection ring segmentation fault virtual memory storage access file systems boot loader defragmentation device file file attribute inode journal partition virtual file system virtual tape library supporting concepts api computer network hal live cd live usb shell cli user interface pxe retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title disk_operating_system oldid 1368004474 category disk operating systems hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from august 2009 all articles needing additional references this page was last edited on 6 august 2026 at 13 36 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the 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