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sm and stalinism losurdo criticized the concept of totalitarianism especially in the works of hannah arendt françois furet karl popper and ernst nolte among others losurdo argued that totalitarianism was a polysemic concept with origins in christian theology and that applying it to the political sphere required an operation of abstract schematism which makes use of isolated elements of historical reality to place nazi germany and other fascist regimes along with the soviet union and other socialist states in the dock together serving the anti communism of cold war era intellectuals rather than reflecting intellectual research 53 as a hegelian losurdo aimed to bring to historical knowledge two elements that are under represented in marxist historiography namely rational reflection on the role of great men and rational criticism of the original form of moral leftism or what losurdo referred to as the beautiful soul which seeks to impose the law of the heart and the intelligence of its inevitable authoritarian reversal for losurdo the ferment of authoritarianism in the communist movement is to be found more on the libertarian side of the communist utopia than in the reformist desire to build a state losurdo described his work on stalin as a history of stalin s image and not a biography or political history of the system with which his name is commonly associated according to losurdo questioning the clichés of anti stalinism and stalinism including in communist ranks since 1956 required returning to the substance of the question of the evaluation of soviet history from 1922 to 1953 and even beyond since the categories of anti stalinism and stalinism have been generalized to the study of other socialist states ruled by communist parties and other personalities such as mao zedong in china and fidel castro in cuba 30 for losurdo the study of the black legend was partly mixed with a rehabilitation of the personality and the figure of stalin the statesman who is clearly distinguished from the political regime the starting point was the observation that at the time of his death in march 1953 the image of stalin was rather positive in the world propaganda on both sides aside it was the dissemination of the khrushchev report that cast the god into hell according to losurdo it was a document originating in the internal struggle in the leadership of the party therefore lacking in credibility 54 writing for il manifesto guido liguori stated that h is controversial stalin storia e critica di una leggenda nera was not without its interesting elements he proposed not so much to save stalin in fact he recognized many of his limits and faults but he also refused to consider stalin in merely negative terms 14 writing for jacobin historian david broder argued that w hile he recognized the exorbitant paranoid aspects of stalin s leadership his efforts to relativize it were often governed by a polemical zeal unjustified by the evidence marshaled this made his reframing of stalinism more interesting than necessarily persuasive 11 historian sean purdy accused losurdo of charlatanism putting his book on the same level as the works of grover furr and ludo martens while contrasting it with what called more serious authors like robert w thurston and j arch getty 55 the book rendered losurdo s polarising view o globo summarized that losurdo has been p raised for his criticism of liberalism by some and accused of stalinism by others from liberals to the far left everyone has an adjective on the tip of their tongue or fingers to refer to caetano s new favourite author stalinist revolutionary farcical anti imperialist revisionist for some the italian was a champion of socialism who denied the farces propagated by liberalism for others he was a defender of the crimes of the soviet dictator joseph stalin 1878 1953 and of chinese authoritarianism o globo wrote that losurdo compared the crimes of stalin with those of liberalism genocides sponsored by capitalist nations concentration camps maintained by the colonial powers and war crimes and argued that in the end it is the liberals who have the dirtiest or worst track record 28 a review written in april 2009 by guido liguori in liberazione the official organ of the communist refoundation party of his book in which losurdo criticized the demonisation of stalin carried out by the predominant historiography and tried to remove it from what he calls the black legend about him was at the center of a controversy within the drafting of the aforementioned review a storm of protests ensued when around twenty editors sent a letter of protest to the editor of the newspaper in which they criticized both losurdo s attempt at stalin s rehabilitation in his book and liguori s review judged to be too positive with respect to the book as well as with the choice of the editor of the newspaper to publish said review 56 the book was criticized for its claims and the methodology used by valerio evangelisti antonio moscato it niccolò pianciola and andrea romano 40 57 58 59 losurdo s view that purges were legitimate because of the permanent state of exception caused by imperialist intervention and siege 60 with liguori summarising losurdo s argument that the harshness of his leadership was due to the western powers intrigues and the existence of a powerful fifth column within the ussr of the 1930s and a continuation of the russian civil war described as being imposed by imperialism 61 were criticized as being a defence of the stalinist purges by cicero araujo 62 and mario maestri 63 64 losurdo s work has been praised by grover furr who started a mutual friendship with losurdo whom furr praised especially for his 2008 book on stalin losurdo continued to cooperate with furr introducing him to an italian publisher who published the italian translation of furr s book khrushchev lied in 2016 with losurdo s introduction additionally losurdo wrote a blurb for the back cover of furr s 2013 book the murder of sergei kirov and an introduction to the book that remains unpublished 64 western marxism edit in western marxism 2017 first published in english in 2024 65 losurdo outlined a split between western marxism and eastern marxism losurdo criticized western marxism for hav ing neglected the great problems of its time abandoning the class struggle and the struggle against imperialism and embracing the narratives of globalization 28 controversy and debate edit the book about stalin caused some controversy and debate internationally especially in brazil and germany with critics such as marxist historian christoph jünke de labelling losurdo a neo stalinist 66 67 68 professor araujo cicero wrote that losurdo recognizes tragedy and horror from the years when the soviet union was led by stalin but accused losurdo s work of being a defence of the main decisions stalin made over the almost thirty years he was at the head of the country after lenin s death 62 historian mario maestri wrote that m uch of the reference and support bibliography used by losurdo consists of revisionist denialist and openly conservative and anti communist authors and or researchers of questionable reputation citing the black book of communism and curzio malaparte as examples 63 69 author andreas wehr de does not consider these accusations tenable as losurdo did not in any way deny the crimes during the stalin era and described them in detail 70 the publication in the communist newspaper liberazione of a positive review by guido liguori on losurdo s book about stalin caused a crisis in the paper s editorial staff twenty journalists wrote a letter to the editor dino greco criticizing what they perceived as losurdo s attempts at stalin s rehabilitation alongside liguori s review which they perceived as too positive and greco s decision to publish it 71 losurdo s work was also derided by italian liberal journalist andrea romano who accused losurdo and luciano canfora of trying to create a harmless stalinism 72 about losurdo s work on stalin cicero wrote that u nlike the typical old time stalinist losurdo does not evade a series of crimes committed by the regime and its dictator nor does it qualify them simply as mistakes also unlike the classic stalinist the author is not concerned with showing the coherence of his practices with marxism or leninism cicero further stated it is the ability and perspicacity to face realistically the great problems of your country and its time even against the most ingrained beliefs and utopias of your former travel companions that the book seeks to highlight in spite of all the barbarities committed stalin and his regime leave their multifaceted assessment with a positive balance cicero argued that this was not because they knew how to build possible socialism the famous socialism in one country but for the simple reason that they managed to build a state and a society sufficiently vertebrate to face the chaos of the russian second period of disorder and the european second war of the thirties with its most deadly by product nazism were it not for that tremendous endeavour albeit a bloody one it was destined to destroy the slavic nations to the east cicero wrote that stalin and stalinism are in short defended for reasons to which any admirer of state building as a good in itself regardless of its ideological purposes and justifications should surrender socialism in one country becomes in this sense just a formula that the dictator and his supporters improvised to fit this elementary task to the language that was understandable to them 62 bernardo vargaftiq of esquerda online praised losurdo for liberalism a counter history and his work on capitalism colonialism and liberalism stating that books like the counterhistory of liberalism are positive exposing liberalism in an energetic and very well documented way and t he examples given by losurdo of the extreme reactionary nature of so called liberals including people often cited laudably such as toqueville are edifying 73 while stating that reading these books on liberalism and bonapartism is useful to historians and marxists in general they illustrate the history of capitalism in very convincing detail vargaftiq referred to losurdo as a neo stalinist chic and criticized him for making a nationalist rather than marxist analysis for supporting the fifth column theory and in general for his dismissive views of trotskyism 74 about losurdo s work on western marxism marxist historian mario maestri wrote that this is a false split and a false controversy and accused losurdo of replacing the proletarian internationalism and class struggles of the western marxists with the unified nation that is bourgeoisie and united proletarians in the name of national developmentalism as if development as well as science and technology were ideologically neutral and not dictated by the interests of the dominant versus the dominated classes 63 maestri who defends the thesis we live in a historical counterrevolutionary phase whose milestones were the capitalist restoration in china in 1978 under the leadership of reformer deng xiaoping and the dissolution of the soviet union in 1992 events that consolidated the globalization of capitalism accused losurdo of presenting an apology for the capitalism of the chinese communist party and its many business projects in asia africa and latin america establishing this as the only alternative for its economic development and the only way for the emancipation of european and american imperialism according to maestri losurdo defended that the working classes of the countries on the periphery of the capital asia africa and latin america give up their political independence and pragmatically ally themselves with the capitalism of the chinese cp 63 marxist historian douglas greene described losurdo as one of the most sophisticated defenders of stalinism on the marxist left in his book in stalin s shadow according to greene losurdo failed to understand leon trotsky s criticism of stalinism as a thermidorian regime because he viewed stalin s actions and retreat to realism as necessary for the achievement of socialism 75 losurdo was influenced by hegel s philosophy of the right in which he saw hegel championing a strong interventionist state that would curb the excesses of civil society consequently losurdo formed revisionist views on withering away of the state considering the doctrine itself to be foolish from the outset and that stalin s loyalty to it in word if not in deed was a mistake 17 bibliography edit autocensura e compromesso nel pensiero politico di kant napoli bibliopolis 1983 hegel questione nazionale restaurazione presupposti e sviluppi di una battaglia politica domenico giammarco urbino università degli studi 1983 tra hegel e bismarck la rivoluzione del 1848 e la crisi della cultura tedesca roma editori riuniti 1983 isbn 88 359 2570 3 györgy lukács nel centenario della nascita 1885 1985 a cura di e con pasquale salvucci e livio sichirollo urbino quattro venti 1986 marx e i suoi critici a cura di e con gian mario cazzaniga e livio sichirollo urbino quattro venti 1987 isbn 88 392 0014 2 la catastrofe della germania e l immagine di hegel milano guerini 1987 isbn 88 7802 014 1 metamorfosi del moderno atti del convegno cattolica 18 20 settembre 1986 a cura di e con gian mario cazzaniga e livio sichirollo urbino quattro venti 1988 isbn 88 392 0071 1 hegel marx e la tradizione liberale libertà uguaglianza stato roma editori riuniti 1988 isbn 88 359 3143 6 tramonto dell occidente atti del convegno organizzato dall istituto italiano per gli studi filosofici e dalla biblioteca comunale di cattolica cattolica 19 21 maggio 1988 a cura di e con gian mario cazzaniga e livio sichirollo urbino quattro venti 1989 isbn 88 392 0128 9 antropologia prassi emancipazione problemi del marxismo a cura di e con georges labica e jacques texier urbino quattro venti 1990 isbn 88 392 0166 1 égalité inégalité atti del convegno organizzato dall istituto italiano per gli studi filosofici e dalla biblioteca comunale di cattolica cattolica 13 15 settembre 1989 a cura di e con alberto burgio e jacques texier urbino quattro venti 1990 prassi come orientarsi nel mondo atti del convegno organizzato dall istituto italiano per gli studi filosofici e dalla biblioteca comunale di cattolica cattolica 21 23 settembre 1989 a cura di e con gian mario cazzaniga e livio sichirollo urbino quattro venti 1991 isbn 88 392 0214 5 la comunità la morte l occidente heidegger e l ideologia della guerra torino bollati boringhieri 1991 isbn 88 339 0595 0 massa folla individuo atti del convegno organizzato dall istituto italiano per gli studi filosofici e dalla biblioteca comunale di cattolica cattolica 27 29 settembre 1990 a cura di e con alberto burgio e gian mario cazzaniga urbino quattro venti 1992 isbn 88 392 0217 x hegel e la libertà dei moderni roma editori riuniti 1992 isbn 88 359 3571 7 napoli la scuola di pitagora 2...