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doubting antiquity school wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 evaluation 2 criticism 3 relationship with chinese archaeology 4 list of early modern scholars toggle list of early modern scholars subsection 4 1 prominent figures 4 2 others 5 see also 6 references 7 further reading toggle the table of contents doubting antiquity school 6 languages deutsch 日本語 한국어 nederlands українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia group of scholars and writers in chinese academia new culture movement background aftermath of the 1911 revolution second revolution coronation of yuan shikai national protection war manchu restoration constitutional protection movement warlord era eastward spread of western learning scientific revolution boxer indemnity scholarship french revolution russian revolution may fourth movement ideologies democracy science scientism anti confucianism social darwinism anarchism modernism liberalism socialism communism new humanism practice westernization east west cultural debate total westernization democratization simplification of chinese characters romanization of chinese languages writing with vernacular chinese national language movement translation of foreign literature sorting out national heritages feminist movement education reforms schools of thought doubting antiquity school xueheng school chinese communist party creation society new confucianism crescent moon society league of left wing writers major publications new youth the critical review a madman s diary the tiger notable people ba jin chen duxiu guo moruo hu shih lao she li dazhao lu xun mao dun qian xuantong shen congwen yu dafu zhu ziqing kang youwei v t e the doubting antiquity school or yigupai chinese 疑古派 pinyin yígǔpài wade giles i ku p ai 1 2 refers to a group of scholars and writers in chinese academia starting during the new culture movement mid 1910s to 1920s who applied a critical historiographical approach to chinese historical sources they put forward theories doubting the authenticity of texts and narratives that in traditional chinese historiography were often accepted as authentic hu shih studied in the west and was deeply influenced by western thought he then argued in peking university that chinese written history was not credible before the eastern zhou period without critical examination this view was accepted by his students fu sinian and especially gu jiegang who further advanced the position that our traditional knowledge of chinese antiquity was built up in successive strata but in an order exactly the reverse of the actual occurrence 3 most of their criticism concerns the authenticity of pre qin texts and deals with questions put forward by the past dynastic writers as well as other subjects hu shih initiated the critical movement 1 with his pupil gu jiegang and his friend qian xuantong continuing this school of thought 4 their writings also had influence on many western sinologists including bernhard karlgren and samuel griffith in a more specific way the doubting antiquity school was represented by gushibian 古史辨 debates on ancient history the scholarly movement led by gu jiegang centered on the magazine of the same name seven issues of the magazine 1926 1941 contain about 350 essays major critics of the doubting antiquity school were historians associated with the critical review a journal founded in 1922 the historians included liu yizheng liang qichao wang guowei chen yinque and miao fenglin zh evaluation edit in the atmosphere of critical re evaluation of traditional culture and learnings of the early 20th century the doubting antiquity school found great influence some of their conjectures cast doubt on the authenticity of historical narratives about chinese antiquity as presented in traditional texts that had been accepted as authentic for millennia it is these conjectures that gained the greatest popular interest in the non academic media such as yu the great was originally an animal or deity figure used as a motif on bronzeware and the veneration of bronzeware led to yu being recast as a historical but super human figure from antiquity the peaceful transition of power from yao to shun was concocted by philosophers of the zhou dynasty to support their political philosophy a series of kings in early antiquity were concocted during the han dynasty and the xin dynasty to justify the rule of those dynasties on geomancy grounds and a portion of the recorded history of the xia dynasty was concocted borrowing the narrative from real events in the shang dynasty to give historical precedent to the revival of the eastern han dynasty nevertheless the doubting antiquity school s more important legacy was the critical approach to sources they pioneered the central tenet of their approach was that the history of chinese antiquity was created iteratively ancient texts have been repeatedly edited reorganised tampered with or even completely fabricated so the historical narrative of antiquity as presented in traditional texts was different at different points in time as time went on the history of antiquity became longer and more complicated and characters acquired more features including more supernatural attributes this means that it is not always possible to identify the authentic version of events from antiquity only the narrative as stated in a text at a particular time some of the conjectures put forward by the doubting antiquity school are now disproved or supported based on archaeological findings undermining or supporting the authenticity of the historical texts that the doubting antiquity school posited as inauthentic joseph needham wrote in 1954 that many scholars doubted that classic texts such as sima qian s records of the grand historian contained accurate information about such distant history including the thirty kings of the shang dynasty c 1600 c 1046 bc listed by sima many scholars argued that sima could not have had access to written materials which detailed history a millennium before his time however the discovery of oracle bones at an excavation of the shang capital at anyang yinxu matched 23 names of the 30 shang kings listed by sima needham writes that this remarkable archaeological find proves that sima qian did have fairly reliable materials at his disposal a fact which underlines once more the deep historical mindedness of the chinese 5 in 1993 scholar li xueqin made an influential speech in which he called for historians to leave the doubting antiquity period which became the manifesto of the believing antiquity movement although li himself favoured a third historiographical approach of interpreting antiquity scholars of the believing antiquity viewpoint argue that archaeological discoveries of recent decades have generally substantiated chinese traditional accounts rather than contradicted them rendering the doubts of the doubting antiquity school largely obsolete for instance manuscripts discovered in tombs have proved the authenticity of several texts long thought to be later forgeries including the wenzi the kongzi jiayu the heguanzi parts of the yi zhou shu and many others 6 criticism edit the doubting antiquity school s opinion and claims were not universally accepted by other schools in the 1920s major critics of the doubting antiquity school were historians from the historiography and geography school 史地學派 of the national central university in nanjing and the academics associated with the academic journal critical review termed the xueheng school the major opposition included chu coching liu yizheng liang qichao wang guowei chen yinque and miao fenglin these historians claimed that the many hypotheses of the doubting antiquity school were radical nationalist revisionism influenced by the may fourth movement and new culture movement which aimed to abolish chinese tradition as well as that some claims of the doubting antiquity school such as sino babylonianism were based on assumptions without any archaeological evidence chinese writer lu xun dismissed the doubting antiquity school and their publication gushibian 古史辨 debates on ancient history he argued that the real intention behind the doubting antiquity school was to aggressively demolish the chinese imperial legacy so much so that they would reject real historiography 7 much archaeological evidence discovered in the 20th century such as yinxu and taosi proved some of the doubting antiquity school s claims to be incorrect 8 zhang guoan of beijing normal university believes the existence of the doubting antiquity school was a reflection of the political climate of rising chinese nationalism at the time 9 relationship with chinese archaeology edit the influence of the doubting antiquity school caused many people to lose confidence in many ancient books and traditional ancient histories driven by the special interest of chinese people in history they turned to chinese archaeology which was just beginning to yield information in order to gain a better understanding of chinese ancient history the excavation of the ancient site of yangshao village in 1921 and the excavation of the ancient site of xiyin village in 1926 made people seek its relationship with the early history of china some also use fashionable sociological and historical theories to explain the origin of ancient chinese history and ancient history and culture some western and japanese scholars also use archaeology in the service of their political intentions and racial prejudice 10 at this time the culture of the west was very glamorous and its influence was widespread the excavation of yin ruins in anyang in 1928 brought the understanding and discussion of ancient history into a new stage the yin ruins have oracle bone inscriptions and their important content to confirm the lineage of the shang dynasty s ancestors and kings recorded in records of the grand historian yin benji as well as exquisite bronze wares in 1929 the sixth excavation of the yin ruins in anyang discovered a piece of painted pottery which further aroused the thinking and discussion of the relationship between yangshao and xiaotun list of early modern scholars edit prominent figures edit hu shih gu jiegang qian xuantong guo moruo kang youwei liang qichao others edit chen lisan 陈立三 chen wenbo 陈文波 chen zhu 陈柱 cui shi zh deng sishan 邓思善 du guoxiang zh fan wenlan zh feng youlan feng zhen 冯振 gao heng gu shi 顾实 huang yunmei 黄云眉 jin dejian 金德建 li jingchi 李镜池 liao ping zh liu jie 刘节 liu rulin 刘汝霖 liu xianxin 刘咸炘 lü simian luo genze zh ma xulun qian daxin 钱大昕 qian jibo zh ren jiyu 任继愈 rong zhaozu 容肇祖 sun cidan 孙次丹 tao fangqi 陶方琦 tang lan zh wang zhengyi 王正已 wei juxian 卫聚贤 wu qichang zh xu renfu 徐仁甫 yang bojun yang kuan yang rongguo yang yunru 杨筠如 ye guoqing 叶国庆 yin tongyang zh yu yongliang 余永梁 zhang jitong 张季同 zhang qihuang zh zhang shoulin 张寿林 zhang xincheng 张心澂 zhang xitang 张西堂 zhao shouzheng 赵守正 zhu xizu zh see also edit old texts references edit 1 2 wilkinson endymion 2000 chinese history a manual harvard univ asia center isbn 0 674 00249 0 page 345 see loewe michael and edward l shaughnessy 1999 the cambridge history of ancient china cambridge university press isbn 0 521 47030 7 page 72 see peng peng 1 october 2021 decentralizing the origin of civilization early archaeological efforts in china history of humanities 6 2 515 548 doi 10 1086 715935 issn 2379 3163 s2cid 244133983 de bary william theodore 2001 sources of chinese tradition from 1600 through the twentieth century published by columbia university press isbn 0 231 11271 8 p 364 needham joseph 1972 science and civilization in china volume 1 introductory orientations richmond kingprint ltd reprinted by permission of the cambridge university press with first publication in 1954 isbn 0 521 05799 x page 88 see here shaughnessy edward l 2006 rewriting early chinese texts suny press pp 257 258 isbn 9780791482353 重提一段公案 in chinese doubt and out of the doubt pdf in chinese the commercial press 1991 isbn 9787100071772 顾颉刚和胡适 从论战完败到 史学革命 的大逆转 the paper 29 april 2019 梁涛 白立超 2013 二重证据法 与古书的反思 journal of tsinghua university philosophy and social sciences further reading edit liu jianguo 2004 distinguishing and correcting the pre qin forged classics xi an shaanxi people s press isbn 7 224 05725 8 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title doubting_antiquity_school oldid 1370148372 categories new confucianism historiography of china skepticism historical revisionism hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles containing chinese language text cs1 chinese language sources zh this page was last edited on 19 august 2026 at 11 05 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents doubting antiquity school 6 languages add topic