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n the psychiatric and psychological aspects of dream speech modern researchers have focused on speech production in dreams as an illuminating window into cognition in the dreaming mind some have found that during dream speech wernicke s area is not functioning well whereas broca s area is resulting in proper grammar but little meaning emil kraepelin edit emil kraepelin 1856 1926 was a german psychiatrist who studied dream speech as a means of understanding language disturbances seen in schizophrenia stating in 1920 that dream speech in every detail corresponds to schizophrenic speech disorder kraepelin presented 286 examples of dream speech in his monograph the majority of which are of his own after 1906 he continued to collect samples of dream speech until he died in 1926 this time the dream speech specimens were almost exclusively his own and the original handwritten dream texts are still available today at the archive of the max planck institute of psychiatry in munich these new dream speech specimens were published in 1993 in heynick in part in english translation and in 2006 in the original german with numerous notes added 1 the second dream corpus has not been censored and dates are added to the dreams 2 blirr blerr dream speech may 1908 psychische krankheiten 3 die plötzlich blitzschnell hereinbrechen als besonders prägnante und glückliche neubildung aufgefasst absicht der frau mitzuteilen deswegen as kraepelin had been collecting dream speech since 1906 he jotted down his dream speech specimens for more than 40 years with a scientific viewpoint in mind kraepelin s dream speech started during a period 1882 1884 of personal crisis and depression in 1882 kraepelin was fired after working only a few weeks at the leipzig psychiatric clinic and two months later his father died schizophrenic speech disorder edit kraepelin had been confronted with a schizophrenic speech disorder first called sprachverwirrtheit then schizophrene sprachverwirrtheit and finally schizophasie produced by his patients but as kraepelin states the schizophasia can hardly be studied because what the patient is trying to express is unknown however using the classical dream psychosis analogy he tried to first study dream speech in the hope that this would lead to insights into schizophrenic speech disorder and so kraepelin got into recording his dreams not to interpret them for personal use as in psychoanalysis but to use them for scientific study kraepelin was not only able to record the deviant speech in his dreams but also the intended utterance which was lacking in the deviant speech of his patients who clearly cannot cross the boundary from psychosis to reality for example most neologisms the deviant utterance in kraepelin s dreams have a meaning the intended utterance neurology edit kraepelin pointed out that the fundamental disturbances underlying dream speech were diminished functioning of wernicke s area and those frontal areas in which abstract reasoning is localized therefore individual ideas individualvorstellungen are expressed in dreams rather than general ideas among these individual ideas he included proper names in their widest sense other researchers edit roman jakobson kraepelin s daughter toni schmidt kraepelin also a psychiatrist collected eight examples of dream speech in her 1920 work 4 sigmund freud gave a few neologism examples in his 1899 the interpretation of dreams and havelock ellis mentioned two specimens in his 1911 the world of dreams briefly discussing kraepelin s theory in 1941 the linguist roman jakobson discussed kraepelin s monograph and contributed one important example to dream speech 5 in his dream the czech word zemřel died transformed into seme according to jakobson this was because the liquids l and r disappeared in this example jakobson wanted to show that in his deep sleep broca s area did not function properly this would be a counter example to kraepelin s theory that only the wernicke area is affected during dream speech 6 jakobson presupposes that seme is meaningless and is directly related to zemřel without any intermediate associations however there may be another explanation conforming to kraepelin s theory of jakobson s example if a perfectly fitting associative chain can be found linking zemřel to seme indirectly note that seme is a meaningful part of kraepelin s dream speech specimen 49 in which par seme nie 7 is supposed to be russian for some weeks jakobson born in russia may have been intrigued by parsemenie and may have used it in his own dream in another example of kraepelin s dream speech no 113 the czech letter ř appears in the name of the czech village příbram it may also have influenced jakobson a former member of the prague linguistic circle in his zemřel dream cryptanalysis edit for the cryptanalysis 8 of kraepelin s dream speech a special method 9 has been developed applicable to the dream speech of others as well the aim of reconstruction of associative chains is to achieve precise linking use relevant contextual information and keep chains as short as possible associations in the chain can be synonyms sometimes in a foreign language and word form associations of particular importance are so called idiosyncratic associations peculiar to a specific individual here the dreamer partial chains built starting from both the dream speech specimen and its meaning already provided by the dreamer should meet in the middle without any discrepancy chaika and fromkin edit debating on the nature of disorganized speech in schizophrenia in the 1970s linguist elaine chaika argued it to be an intermittent form of aphasia while victoria fromkin stated that schizophrenic speech errors could also occur in normals chaika later changed her mind 10 i no longer think that error in schizophrenic speech disorder should be necessarily equated with the aphasias which result from actual brain damage chaika added the interpretation of meaning of such speech can be quite different according to whether it is perceived as resulting from a true deficit in language production as opposed to resulting from failed intention chaika compares schizophrenic speech errors with intricate speech errors that are difficult to analyze 11 chaika s position comes close to kraepelin s 12 who noted that errors as in schizophasia can also occur in normals during dreams cognitive dream speech research edit at first sight dream speech plays only a marginal role in dream theory however the important connection of dream and speech is very well illustrated by the following statement of david foulkes however visual dreaming may seem it may be planned and regulated by the human speech production system 13 recent research has confirmed one of kraepelin s fundamental disturbances in the book the committee of sleep harvard psychologist deirdre barrett describes examples of dreamed literature in which the dreamers heard or read words that they later wrote and published she observes that almost all the examples are of poetry rather than prose or fiction the only exceptions being one or several word phrases such as the book title vanity fair which came to thackeray in a dream or similarly katherine mansfield s sun and moon barrett suggests that the reason poetry fares better in dreams is that grammar seems to be well preserved in dream language while meaning suffers and rhyme and rhythm are more prominent than when awake all characteristics which benefit poetry but not other forms in other work barrett has studied verbatim language in college students dreams and found similar characteristics intact grammar poor meaning rhythm and rhyme to the literary examples she suggested this was indicative of reduced activity in wernicke s area but not broca s the language resembles that of patients with wernicke s aphasia which is essentially the same conclusion kraepelin reached in 1906 linguist patricia kilroe in her survey of 500 dreams did not find poor meaning in dream speech but rather discovered that in both structure and content much of dream speech may pass for waking speech although generally in shorter and simpler utterance forms even the oddities of dream speech such as neologisms and nonsense statements occur in waking discourse either as unintentional errors or as intentional products of the creative use of language 14 while wernicke s area and broca s area are implicated in dream speech verbal activity in dreams is not isolated to the brain though reduced in amplitude motor impulses to facial and lingual muscles accompany dream speech and dreamed conversations 15 such muscle potentials can be detected with electromyography and to an extent decoded and reconstructed as audio speech 16 elyn saks edit in her book the center cannot hold elyn saks gives several examples of word salad arising during psychotic episodes but an explanation or helping intervention by her therapists seems lacking instead new antipsychotics are recommended each time there is a striking resemblance between an aspect of dream 51 in kraepelin s monograph and a psychosis of saks arising because she received a memo a generally very good that is not excellent from her professor bob cover 17 in dream 51 the strange phrase tripap 3 can be explained by reading pap as a rebus p a p that is p without p thereby eliminating pap from tripap and leaving tri 3 a true statement because tri is russian for 3 understanding the rebus and recognizing that in his dream kraepelin is concentrating on letters is essential here equally looking at the first name bob at the letters a logical expression b or b goes hidden once the middle o is interpreted as the spanish word for or now b is an academic mark of the second highest standard after an a the first name of her professor is thus linked with an academic mark and the attention for this name then leads to the first names elyn and ronna of saks explaining the start of her psychotic episode soon leading to her remarking that there are no no s compare an no in ronna in a law book and reciting 18 in greek from aristotle the father of logic 19 see also edit kraepelin on freud s signorelli parapraxis kraepelin on the neologism schizophrenia jakobson contra kraepelin blirr blerr kraepelin s alternative name for schizophrenia personal names in dichotic listening tasks schizophasia intrapersonal communication somniloquy a parasomnia in which a person physically speaks while asleep notes edit for the language of dreams see wilhelm stekel die sprache des traums 1911 references edit see engels 2006 in may 1908 kraepelin dreamed of mental illnesses suddenly breaking in he called them blirr blerr in april 1908 eugen bleuler introduced schizophrenia as an alternative name for kraepelin s dementia praecox blirr blerr is kraepelin s substitute for schizophrenia see engels 2009 p 337 these are the schizophrenien the schizophrenias introduced by bleuler cole sydney j 1920 ueber die juvenile paralyse journal of mental science 67 276 72 73 doi 10 1192 bjp 67 276 72 issn 0368 315x see jakobson 1941 kindersprache aphasie und allgemeine lautgesetze in a history of psycholinguistics 2013 p 391 392 willem levelt discusses kraepelin s monograph but omits mentioning jakobson s important contribution to dream speech see also jakobson contra kraepelin kraepelin links this neologism to paar semaines see p 14 15 in jakobson halle 1956 fundamentals of language see engels 2005 chapter 3 and 4 see chaika 1995 for an example of a parapraxis difficult to analyze see signorelli parapraxis kraepelin 1920 das die traumsprache in allen einzelheiten der schizophrenen sprachverwirrtheit entspricht david foulkes work marks a turning point in dream theory from the language of dreams to a linguistic view on dreams see e g kilroe 2001 kilroe patricia 2016 reflections on the study of dream speech dreaming 26 2 142 157 doi 10 1037 drm0000016 retrieved 17 december 2024 shimizu a inoue t 1986 dreamed speech and speech muscle activity psychophysiology mar 23 2 210 14 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8986 1986 tb00620 x raduga michael 2022 i love you the first phrase detected from dreams sleep sci 15 2 149 157 doi 10 5935 1984 0063 20220035 pmc 9210561 saks 2007 p 191 193 law ley in spanish and leyn means to recite see wiktionary for a more detailed discussion see the french wikipedia site langage de rêve basic publications edit engels huub 2006 emil kraepelins traumsprache 1908 1926 wageningen ponsen looijen isbn 978 90 6464 060 5 heynick f 1993 language and its disturbances in dreams the pioneering work of freud and kraepelin updated new york wiley kraepelin e 1906 über sprachstörungen im traume leipzig engelmann further reading edit chaika e 1995 on analysing schizophrenic speech what model should we use in a sims ed speech and language disorder in psychiatry pp 47 56 london gaskell engels huub 2009 emil kraepelins traumsprache erklären und verstehen in dietrich von engelhardt und horst jürgen gerigk ed karl jaspers im schnittpunkt von zeitgeschichte psychopathologie literatur und film p 331 43 isbn 978 3 86809 018 5 heidelberg mattes verlag kilroe patricia a 2001 verbal aspects of dreaming a preliminary classification dreaming journal of the association for the study of dreams vol 11 3 105 113 sep 2001 kraepelin e 1920 die erscheinungsformen des irreseins saks elyn 2007 the center cannot hold my journey through madness new york hyperion external links edit gravestone in heidelberg with epitaph dein name mag vergehen kraepelin s monograph über sprachstörungen im traume phd thesis 2005 on kraepelin s dream speech summary in english on pages 207 214 the kraepelin code detected by a sort of cryptanalysis of numerous dream speech specimens consists of various words associated with the proper name kraepelin one such code word is greek kraipalè meaning hangover the smallest code word reads ka an ancient egyptian word for life force the code words drive the associations leading from the intended to the disturbed utterances in dreams ch 6 lists several code words article on kraepelin s dream speech in german on pages 92 101 dreaming in foreign languages link removed v t e dreams and oneirology phenomena dream oneiros dream speech recurring dream false awakening dream character lucid dream pre lucid dream nightmare epiales dreamcatcher night terrors anxiety dream nightmare disorder sleepwalking sleepdriving sleep hypnagogia pgo waves rapid eye movement sleep hypnopompia therapy and interpretation oneiromancy spirit spouse dream guide oneironautics psychonautics yoga nidra dream yoga dream interpretation psychoanalytic dream interpretation embodied imagination guided imagery dream dictionary cognitive neuroscience of dreams thought recording and reproduction device activation synthesis hypothesis sleep medicine dreamwork dream art dream diary dream incubation dream sharing sleep induction lullaby hypnosis oneirogen ancient books on dreams oneirocritica interpretation of dreams other dreams in analytical psychol...