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ning team also compared the curvature of the dromaeosaurid sickle claw on the foot with curvature in modern birds and mammals previous studies had shown that the amount of curvature in a claw corresponded to what lifestyle the animal has animals with strongly curved claws of a certain shape tend to be climbers while straighter claws indicate ground dwelling lifestyles the sickle claws of the dromaeosaurid deinonychus have a curvature of 160 degrees well within the range of climbing animals the forelimb claws they studied also fell within the climbing range of curvature 67 paleontologist peter mackovicky commented on the manning team s study stating that small primitive dromaeosaurids such as microraptor were likely to have been tree climbers but that climbing did not explain why later gigantic dromaeosaurids such as achillobator retained highly curved claws when they were too large to have climbed trees mackovicky speculated that giant dromaeosaurids may have adapted the claw to be used exclusively for latching on to prey 68 restoration of a saurornitholestes digging a multituberculate out of a burrow a function with weak support in 2009 phil senter published a study on dromaeosaurid toes and showed that their range of motion was compatible with the excavation of tough insect nests senter suggested that small dromaeosaurids such as rahonavis and buitreraptor were small enough to be partial insectivores while larger genera such as deinonychus and neuquenraptor could have used this ability to catch vertebrate prey residing in insect nests however senter did not test whether the strong curvature of dromaeosaurid claws was also conducive to such activities 69 in 2011 denver fowler and colleagues suggested a new method by which dromaeosaurids may have taken smaller prey this model known as the raptor prey restraint rpr model of predation proposes that dromaeosaurids killed their prey in a manner very similar to extant accipitrid birds of prey by leaping onto their quarry pinning it under their body weight and gripping it tightly with the large sickle shaped claws like accipitrids the dromaeosaurid would then begin to feed on the animal while still alive until it eventually died from blood loss and organ failure this proposal is based primarily on comparisons between the morphology and proportions of the feet and legs of dromaeosaurids to several groups of extant birds of prey with known predatory behaviors fowler found that the feet and legs of dromaeosaurids most closely resemble those of eagles and hawks especially in terms of having an enlarged second claw and a similar range of grasping motion the short metatarsus and foot strength however would have been more similar to that of owls the rpr method of predation would be consistent with other aspects of dromaeosaurid anatomy such as their unusual dentition and arm morphology the arms which could exert a lot of force but were likely covered in long feathers may have been used as flapping stabilizers for balance while atop a struggling prey animal along with the stiff counterbalancing tail dromaeosaurid jaws thought by fowler and colleagues to be comparatively weak would have been useful for eating prey alive but not as useful for quick forceful dispatch of the prey these predatory adaptations working together may also have implications for the origin of flapping in paravians 70 71 proposed scenarios for the sickle claw function with c d and f as the more supported behaviors in 2019 peter bishop reconstructed the leg skeleton and musculature of deinonychus by using three dimensional models of muscles tendons and bones with the addition of mathematical models and equations bishop simulated the conditions that would provide maximum force at the tip of the sickle claw and therefore the most likely function among the proposed modes of the sickle claw use are kicking to cut slash or disembowel prey for gripping onto the flanks of prey piercing aided by body weight to attack vital areas of the prey to restrain prey intra or interspecific competition and digging out prey from hideouts the results obtained by bishop showed that a crouching posture increased the claw forces however these forces remained relatively weak indicating that the claws were not strong enough to be used in slashing strikes rather than being used for slashing the sickle claws were more likely to be useful in flexed leg angles such as restraining prey and stabbing prey at close quarters these results are consistent with the fighting dinosaurs specimen which preserves a velociraptor and protoceratops locked in combat with the former gripping onto the other with its claws in a non extended leg posture despite the obtained results bishop considered that the capabilities of the sickle claw could have varied within taxa given that among dromaeosaurids adasaurus had an unusually smaller sickle claw that retained the characteristic ginglymoid a structure divided in two parts and hyperextensible articular surface of the penultimate phalange he could neither confirm nor disregard that the pedal digit ii could have loss or retain its functionally 72 a 2020 study by gianechini et al also indicates that velociraptorines dromaeosaurines and other eudromaeosaurs in laurasia differed greatly in their locomotive and killing techniques from the unenlagiine dromaeosaurids of gondwana the shorter second phalanx in the second digit of the foot allowed for increased force to be generated by that digit which combined with a shorter and wider metatarsus and a noticeable marked hinge like morphology of the articular surfaces of metatarsals and phalanges possibly allowed eudromaeosaurs to exert a greater gripping strength than unenlagiines allowing for more efficient subduing and killing of large prey in comparison the unenlagiine dromaeosaurids had a longer and slender subarctometatarsus and less well marked hinge joints a trait that possibly gave them greater cursorial capacities and allowed for greater speed additionally the longer second phalanx of the second digit allowed unenlagiines fast movements of their feet s second digits to hunt smaller and more elusive types of prey these differences in locomotor and predatory specializations may have been a key feature that influenced the evolutionary pathways that shaped both groups of dromaeosaurs in the northern and southern hemispheres 73 group behavior edit tracks of the ichnogenus paravipus didactyloides interpreted as representing two individuals that were moving in the same direction 74 deinonychus fossils have been uncovered in small groups near the remains of the herbivore tenontosaurus a larger ornithischian dinosaur this had been interpreted as evidence that these dromaeosaurids hunted in coordinated packs like some modern mammals 75 however not all paleontologists found the evidence conclusive and a subsequent study published in 2007 by roach and brinkman suggests that the deinonychus may have actually displayed a disorganized mobbing behavior modern diapsids including birds and crocodiles the closest relatives of dromaeosaurids display minimal long term cooperative hunting except the aplomado falcon and harris s hawk instead they are usually solitary hunters either joining forces time to time to increase hunting success as crocodilians sometimes do or are drawn to previously killed carcasses where conflict often occurs between individuals of the same species for example in situations where groups of komodo dragons are eating together the largest individuals eat first and might attack smaller komodo dragons that attempt to feed if the smaller animal dies it is usually cannibalized when this information is applied to the sites containing putative pack hunting behavior in dromaeosaurids it appears somewhat consistent with a komodo dragon like feeding strategy deinonychus skeletal remains found at these sites are from subadults with missing parts that may have been eaten by other deinonychus which a study by roach et al presented as evidence against the idea that the animals cooperated in the hunt 76 a 2020 study done by frederickson and colleagues found the dietary preferences between juvenile and adult deinonychus to be different suggesting that parental feeding ended before the young were large enough to sustain a typical adult diet this would indicate that the genus did not exhibit mammal like pack hunting despite this they considered gregariousness to be possible in deinonychus the komodo dragon lifestyle was also criticized due to the lack of spatial distribution of juveniles and adults suggesting a reduced cannibalistic lifestyle 77 in 2001 multiple utahraptor specimens ranging in age from fully grown adult to tiny three foot long baby were found at a site considered by some to be a quicksand predator trap some consider this as evidence of family hunting behaviour however the full sandstone block is yet to be opened and researchers are unsure as to whether or not the animals died at the same time 78 frederickson and colleagues suggests this was a possible sign of gregariousness in utahraptor and dromaeosaurids exhibiting post nestling care 77 in 2007 scientists described the first known extensive dromaeosaurid trackway in shandong china in addition to confirming the hypothesis that the sickle claw was held retracted off the ground the trackway made by a large achillobator sized species showed evidence of six individuals of about equal size moving together along a shoreline the individuals were spaced about one meter apart traveling in the same direction and walking at a fairly slow pace the authors of the paper describing these footprints interpreted the trackways as evidence that some species of dromaeosaurids lived in groups while the trackways clearly do not represent hunting behavior the idea that groups of dromaeosaurids may have hunted together according to the authors could not be ruled out 21 flying and gliding edit restoration of microraptor featuring an aerodynamic pose the forearms of dromaeosaurids appear well adapted to resisting the torsional and bending stresses associated with flapping and gliding 79 and the ability to fly or glide has been suggested for at least five dromaeosaurid species the first rahonavis ostromi originally classified as avian bird but found to be a dromaeosaurid in later studies 17 80 may have been capable of powered flight as indicated by its long forelimbs with evidence of quill knob attachments for long sturdy flight feathers 81 the forelimbs of rahonavis were more powerfully built than archaeopteryx and show evidence that they bore strong ligament attachments necessary for flapping flight luis chiappe concluded that given these adaptations rahonavis could probably fly but would have been more clumsy in the air than modern birds 82 another species of dromaeosaurid microraptor gui may have been capable of gliding using its well developed wings on both the fore and hind limbs a 2005 study by sankar chatterjee suggested that the wings of microraptor functioned like a split level biplane and that it likely employed a phugoid style of gliding in which it would launch from a perch and swoop downward in a u shaped curve then lift again to land on another tree with the tail and hind wings helping to control its position and speed chatterjee also found that microraptor had the basic requirements to sustain level powered flight in addition to gliding 25 changyuraptor yangi is a close relative of microraptor gui also thought to be a glider or flyer based on the presence of four wings and similar limb proportions however it is a considerably larger animal around the size of a wild turkey being among the largest known flying mesozoic paravians another dromaeosaurid species deinonychus antirrhopus may display partial flight capacities the young of this species bore longer arms and more robust pectoral girdles than adults and which were similar to those seen in other flapping theropods implying that they may have been capable of flight when young and then lost the ability as they grew 83 the possibility that sinornithosaurus millenii was capable of gliding or even powered flight has also been brought up several times 84 85 though no further studies have occurred zhenyuanlong preserves wing feathers that are aerodynamically shaped with particularly bird like coverts as opposed to the longer wider spanning coverts of forms like archaeopteryx and anchiornis as well as fused sternal plates due to its size and short arms it is unlikely that zhenyuanlong was capable of powered flight though the importance of biomechanical modelling in this regard is stressed 31 but it may suggest a relatively close descendance from flying ancestors or even some capacity for gliding or wing assisted incline running paleopathology edit in 2001 bruce rothschild and others published a study examining evidence for stress fractures and tendon avulsions in theropod dinosaurs and the implications for their behavior since stress fractures are caused by repeated trauma rather than singular events they are more likely to be caused by regular behavior than other types of injuries the researchers found lesions like those caused by stress fractures on a dromaeosaurid hand claw one of only two such claw lesions discovered in the course of the study stress fractures in the hands have special behavioral significance compared to those found in the feet since stress fractures in the feet can be obtained while running or during migration hand injuries by contrast are more likely to be obtained while in contact with struggling prey 86 swimming edit life restoration of halszkaraptorine natovenator depicting swimming behavior at least one dromaeosaurid group halszkaraptorinae whose members are halszkaraptorines are most likely to have been specialised for aquatic or semiaquatic habits having developed limb proportions tooth morphology and rib cage akin to those of diving birds 48 87 88 fishing habits have been proposed for unenlagiines including comparisons to attributed semi aquatic spinosaurids 89 but any aquatic propulsion mechanisms have not been discussed so far reproduction edit restoration of a brooding deinonychus in 2006 grellet tinner and makovicky reported an egg associated with a specimen of deinonychus the egg shares similarities with oviraptorid eggs and the authors interpreted the association as potentially indicative of brooding 90 a study published in november 2018 by norell yang and wiemann et al indicates that deinonychus laid blue eggs likely to camouflage them as well as creating open nests other dromaeosaurids may have done the same and it is theorized that they and other maniraptoran dinosaurs may have been an origin point for laying colored eggs and creating open nests as many birds do today 91 92 93 in popular culture edit velociraptor a dromaeosaurid gained much attention after it was featured prominently in the 1993 steven spielberg film jurassic park ho...