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her reading 10 external links toggle the table of contents drupal 59 languages العربية azərbaycanca беларуская български বাংলা bosanski català کوردی čeština чӑвашла dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français עברית हिन्दी magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 jawa қазақша 한국어 lietuvių latviešu basa banyumasan македонски മലയാളം nederlands norsk bokmål polski português română русский සිංහල simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు tetun тоҷикӣ ไทย türkçe українська tiếng việt 吴语 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects abstract wikipedia wikimedia commons wikiversity wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia web content management system drupal original author dries buytaert developer drupal community release january 15 2001 25 years ago 2001 01 15 1 stable release 11 4 1 2 3 july 2026 3 months ago written in php using symfony operating system unix like windows platform web platform size 100 mb type content management framework content management system blog software open source knowledge management license gpl 2 0 or later 3 website drupal org repository drupal repository this article relies excessively on references to primary sources please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources find sources drupal news newspapers books scholar jstor october 2022 learn how and when to remove this message drupal ˈ d r uː p əl 4 is a free and open source web content management system cms written in php and distributed under the gnu general public license 3 5 6 drupal provides an open source back end framework for at least 14 of the top 10 000 websites worldwide 7 and 1 2 of the top 10 million websites 8 ranging from personal blogs to corporate political and government sites 9 drupal can also be used for knowledge management and for business collaboration 10 as of march 2022 update the drupal community had more than 1 39 million members 11 12 13 including 124 000 users actively contributing 14 resulting in more than 50 000 free modules that extend and customize drupal functionality 15 over 3 000 free themes that change the look and feel of drupal 16 and at least 1 400 free distributions that allow users to quickly and easily set up a complex use specific drupal in fewer steps 17 the base of drupal is known as drupal core which contains basic features common to content management systems these include user account registration and maintenance menu management rss feeds taxonomy page layout customization and system administration the drupal core installation can serve as a simple website a single or multi user blog an internet forum or a community website providing for user generated content drupal also describes itself as a web application framework 18 when compared with notable frameworks drupal meets most of the generally accepted feature requirements for such web frameworks 19 20 although drupal offers a sophisticated api for developers basic web site installation and administration of the framework require no programming skills 21 drupal runs on any computing platform that supports both a web server capable of running php and a database to store content and configuration in 2023 2024 drupal received over 250 000 euros from germany s sovereign tech fund 22 23 drupal is officially recognized 24 as a digital public good history edit latest major and supported releases 25 version release date latest version 11 4 1 3 july 2026 2 supported 10 6 2 8 january 2026 26 unsupported 7 103 4 december 2024 27 unsupported 9 5 11 20 september 2023 28 unsupported 8 9 20 17 december 2021 29 unsupported 6 38 24 february 2016 30 unsupported 5 23 11 august 2010 31 unsupported 4 7 11 10 january 2008 32 unsupported 3 0 15 september 2001 33 unsupported 2 0 15 march 2001 34 unsupported 1 0 15 january 2001 35 legend unsupported supported latest version preview version future version legend unsupported supported latest version preview version future version drupal was originally written by dries buytaert as a message board for his friends to communicate in their dorms while working on his master s degree at the university of antwerp 36 37 after graduation buytaert moved the site to the public internet and named it drop org 36 between 2003 and 2008 buytaert worked towards a phd degree at ghent university 38 the name drupal represents an english rendering of the dutch word druppel which means drop as in a water droplet 39 the name came from the now defunct drop org whose code slowly evolved into drupal buytaert wanted to call the site dorp dutch for village for its community aspects but mistyped it when checking the domain name and thought the error sounded better 40 drupal became an open source project in 2001 40 interest in drupal got a significant boost in 2003 when it helped build deanspace for howard dean one of the candidates in the u s democratic party s primary campaign for the 2004 u s presidential election deanspace used open source sharing of drupal to support a decentralized network of approximately 50 disparate unofficial pro dean websites that allowed users to communicate directly with one another as well as with the campaign 41 after dean ended his campaign members of his web team continued to pursue their interest in developing a web platform that could aid political activism by launching civicspace labs in july 2004 the first company with full time employees that was developing and distributing drupal technology 42 other companies also began to specialize in drupal development 43 44 by 2013 the drupal website listed hundreds of vendors that offered drupal related services 45 as of 2014 update drupal is developed by a community 46 needs update from july 2007 to june 2008 the drupal org site provided more than 1 4 million downloads of drupal software an increase of approximately 125 from the previous year 47 48 as of january 2017 update more than 1 180 000 sites use drupal 49 these include hundreds of well known organizations 50 including corporations media and publishing companies governments non profits 51 schools 52 and individuals drupal has won several packt open source cms awards 53 and won the webware 100 clarification needed three times in a row 54 55 drupal 6 was released on 13 february 2008 56 on 5 march 2009 buytaert announced a code freeze for drupal 7 for 1 september 2009 57 drupal 7 was released on 5 january 2011 with release parties in several countries 58 after that maintenance on drupal 5 stopped with only drupal 7 and drupal 6 maintained 59 drupal 7 s end of life was scheduled for november 2021 but given the impact of covid 19 and the continuing wide usage the end of life was pushed back until 1 november 2023 60 this was extended once more as of june 2023 and was finally set for 5 january 2025 61 drupal 8 was first released on 19 november 2015 this was the first to use symfony for components and twig as a template engine and it also used the composer for managing dependencies 62 63 the last drupal 8 was version 8 9 20 which was released on 17 december 2021 29 drupal 9 was released in 2020 and was created with easier upgrades and management in mind the first version was released on 3 june 2020 along with drupal 8 9 0 with fewer major changes in project structure than in version 8 0 but with some of the old deprecated code removed 62 64 65 in october 2022 drupal released an open source headless cms accelerator allowing the front end to be managed outside of the core system 66 67 in april 2023 drupal was recognized by the united nations digital public good alliance as a digital public good 68 drupal core edit in the drupal community core refers to the collaboratively built codebase that can be extended through contributory modules and for versions prior to drupal 8 is kept outside of the sites folder of a drupal installation 69 starting with version 8 the core is kept in its own core sub directory drupal core is the stock element of drupal common drupal specific libraries as well as the bootstrap process are defined as drupal core all other functionality is defined as drupal modules including the system module itself in a drupal website s default configuration authors can contribute content as either registered or anonymous users at the discretion of the administrator this content is accessible to web visitors through a variety of selectable criteria as of drupal 8 drupal has adopted some symfony libraries into drupal core core modules also include a hierarchical taxonomy system which lets developers categorize content or tag with keywords for easier access 21 core modules edit drupal core includes modules that can be enabled by the administrator to extend the functionality of the core website 70 71 the core drupal distribution provides a number of features including 70 access statistics and logging advanced search books comments and forums caching lazy loading content using bigpipe and feature throttling for improved performance custom content type and fields and user interface to create manage and display lists of content descriptive urls multi level menu system multi site support 72 multi user content creation and editing rss feed and feed aggregator security and new release update notification user profiles various access control restrictions user roles ip addresses email workflow tools triggers and actions core themes edit drupal includes core themes which customize the look and feel of drupal sites 73 for example garland and bartik the color module introduced in drupal core 5 0 allows administrators to change the color scheme of certain themes via a browser interface 74 drupal cms edit at drupalcon portland in 2024 dries buytaert called for the drupal community to create a new modernized drupal experience the project was initially called starshot 75 and it was an effort to reframe how people think of drupal the project aims to deliver a more user friendly and out of the box version of drupal with a focus on ease of use faster onboarding and a polished default experience in 2025 this project was launched as drupal cms this represents a shift toward making drupal more accessible to non developers while retaining its powerful flexible core architecture 76 77 drupal cms includes a number of new artificial intelligence features 78 it also provides tools intended to support open source low code and no code development approaches 79 localization edit as of september 2022 drupal is available in 100 languages including english the default 80 81 support is included for right to left languages such as arabic persian and hebrew 82 drupal localization is built on top of gettext the gnu internationalization and localization i18n library auto update notification edit drupal can automatically notify the administrator about new versions of modules themes or the drupal core 82 it s important to update quickly after security updates are released before updating it is highly recommended to take backup of core modules theme files and database if there is any error shown after update or if the new update is not compatible with a module then it can be quickly replaced by a backup there are several backup modules available in drupal on 15 october 2014 an sql injection vulnerability was announced and update was released 83 two weeks later the drupal security team released an advisory explaining that everyone should act under the assumption that any site not updated within 7 hours of the announcement was compromised by automated attacks 84 thus it can be extremely important to apply these updates quickly and usage of a tool like drush to make this process easier is highly recommended database abstraction edit prior to version 7 drupal had functions that performed tasks related to databases such as sql query cleansing multi site table name prefixing and generating proper sql queries in particular drupal 6 introduced an abstraction layer that allowed programmers to create sql queries without writing sql drupal 9 extends the data abstraction layer so that a programmer no longer needs to write sql queries as text strings it uses php data objects to abstract the database microsoft has written a database driver for their sql server drupal 7 supports the file based sqlite database engine which is part of the standard php distribution windows development edit with drupal 9 s new database abstraction layer and ability to run on the windows web server iis it is now easier for windows developers to participate in the drupal community a group on drupal org is dedicated to windows issues 85 accessibility edit since the release of drupal 7 web accessibility has been constantly improving in the drupal community 86 drupal is a framework dedicated for building sites accessible to people with disabilities because many of the best practices have been incorporated into drupal core drupal 8 saw many improvements from the authoring tool accessibility guidelines atag 2 0 guidelines which support both an accessible authoring environment as well as support for authors to produce more accessible content the accessibility team is carrying on the work of identifying and resolving accessibility barriers and raising awareness within the community drupal 8 has good semantic support for rich web applications through wai aria there have been many improvements to both the visitor and administrator sides of drupal especially drag and drop functionality improved color contrast and intensity adding skip navigation to core themes adding labels by default for input forms fixing css display none with consistent methods for hiding and exposing text on focus adding support for aria live regions with drupal announce adding a tabbingmanager to improve keyboard navigation 87 the community also added an accessibility gate for core issues in drupal 8 88 extending the core edit drupal core is modular defining a system of hooks and callbacks which are accessed internally via an api 89 this design allows third party contributed modules and themes to extend or override drupal s default behaviors without changing drupal core s code drupal isolates core files from contributed modules and themes this increases flexibility and security and allows administrators to cleanly upgrade to new releases without overwriting their site s customizations 90 the drupal community has the saying never hack core a strong recommendation that site developers not change core files 69 modules edit contributed modules offer such additional or alternate features as image galleries custom content types and content listings wysiwyg editors private messaging third party integration tools 91 integrating wi...