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2 1 united states 3 crops 4 other considerations toggle other considerations subsection 4 1 capturing and conservation of moisture 4 2 effective use of available moisture 4 3 soil conservation 4 4 weedling 4 5 control of input costs 5 arid zone agriculture 6 see also 7 references 8 further reading toggle the table of contents dryland farming 26 languages afrikaans العربية azərbaycanca català deutsch esperanto español euskara فارسی français galego עברית हिन्दी igbo italiano 日本語 ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ português русский svenska türkçe українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia this article includes a list of general references but lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations october 2020 learn how and when to remove this message non irrigated farming in areas with little rainfall during the growing season dryland farming in the granada region of spain agriculture history west asia ancient egypt ancient greece ancient rome austronesia agricultural science agricultural history review arab agricultural revolution argentina canada china chile columbian exchange green revolution indian subcontinent mesoamerica middle ages neolithic revolution organic farming palestine peru united kingdom british agricultural revolution cheshire scotland united states african american california on land agrivoltaic animal husbandry cattle pigs poultry sheep dairy dryland extensive fertilizer free range grazing convertible husbandry rotational grazing hobby intensive animals pigs crops natural monoculture orchard organic paddy field ranching sharecropping sowing colonia slash and burn smallholding terrace steam sterilization hydroculture aquaculture aquaponics hydroponics aeroponics related agribusiness agricultural cooperative agricultural supplies agricultural science agricultural engineering agricultural technology precision biotechnology agroforestry agronomy animal husbandry animal free agriculture cash crop cellular agriculture cultural methods contract farming extensive farming farm farmhouse feed ratio free range horticulture intensive farming animals pigs crops mechanised agriculture organic farming paludiculture permaculture plantation polyculture rice duck farming rice fish system sustainable agriculture sustainable food system universities and colleges urban agriculture lists agriculturist profession agricultural machinery food origins government ministries universities and colleges categories agricultural machinery agriculture and the environment agriculture by country agriculture companies biotechnology cannabis cultivation history of agriculture livestock meat industry poultry farming agriculture portal v t e dryland farming and dry farming encompass specific agricultural techniques for the non irrigated cultivation of crops dryland farming is associated with drylands areas characterized by a cool wet season which charges the soil with virtually all the moisture that the crops will receive prior to harvest followed by a warm dry season they are also associated with arid conditions areas prone to drought and those having scarce water resources process edit dryland farming caused a large dust storm in parts of eastern washington on october 4 2009 courtesy nasa gsfc modis rapid response 1 dryland farming has evolved as a set of techniques and management practices to adapt to limited availability of water as in the western us and other regions affected by climate change for crops such as tomato and maize 2 in marginal regions a farmer should be financially able to survive occasional crop failures perhaps for several years in succession survival as a dryland farmer requires careful husbandry of the moisture available for the crop and aggressive management of expenses to minimize losses in poor years dryland farming involves the constant assessing of the amount of moisture present or lacking for any given crop cycle and planning accordingly dryland farmers know that to be financially successful they have to be aggressive during the good years in order to offset the dry years dryland farming is dependent on natural rainfall which can leave the ground vulnerable to dust storms particularly if poor farming techniques are used or if the storms strike at a particularly vulnerable time the fact that a fallow period must be included in the crop rotation means that fields cannot always be protected by a cover crop which might otherwise offer protection against erosion some of the theories of dryland farming developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries claimed to be scientific but were in reality pseudoscientific and did not stand up to empirical testing for example it was alleged that tillage would seal in moisture but such dust mulching ideas are based on what people imagine should happen or have been told rather than what testing actually confirms in actuality it has been shown that tillage increases water losses to evaporation 3 the book bad land an american romance explores the effects that this had on people who were encouraged to homestead in an area with little rainfall most smallholdings failed after working miserably to cling on dry farming depends on making the best use of the bank of soil moisture that was created by winter rainfall some dry farming practices include 4 5 wider than normal spacing to provide a larger bank of moisture for each plant controlled traffic minimal tilling of land strict weed control to ensure that weeds do not consume soil moisture needed by the cultivated plants selection of crops and cultivars suited for dry farming practices cultivation of soil to produce a dust mulch thought to prevent the loss of water through capillary action this practice is controversial and is not universally advocated locations edit wheat dryland farming in behbahan iran dryland farming may be practised in areas that have significant annual rainfall during a wet season often in the winter crops are cultivated during the subsequent dry season using practices that make use of the stored moisture in the soil this is the case in the middle east and in other grain growing regions such as the steppes of eurasia and argentina dryland farming was introduced to southern russia and ukraine by ukrainian mennonites under the influence of johann cornies making the region the breadbasket of europe 6 in australia and mexico dryland farming is widely practised united states edit dryland farming is practised in arid regions such as in the southwest of the united states see agriculture in the southwestern united states and agriculture in the prehistoric southwest california colorado kansas south dakota north dakota montana nebraska oklahoma oregon washington wyoming the great plains and the palouse plateau of eastern washington 4 7 crops edit fields in the palouse washington state the choice of crop is influenced by the timing of the predominant rainfall in relation to the seasons for example winter wheat is more suited to regions with higher winter rainfall while areas with summer wet seasons may be more suited to summer growing crops such as sorghum sunflowers or cotton 8 dry farmed crops may include grapes tomatoes pumpkins beans and other summer crops in arid regions cam plants like agaves are also grown without irrigation dryland grain crops include wheat corn millet rye and other grasses that produce grains these crops grow using the winter water stored in the soil rather than depending on rainfall during the growing season 4 successful dryland farming is possible with as little as 9 inches 230 millimetres of precipitation a year higher rainfall increases the variety of crops other considerations edit capturing and conservation of moisture edit in regions such as eastern washington the average annual precipitation available to a dryland farm may be as little as 220 millimetres 8 5 in 9 in the horse heaven hills in central washington wheat farming has been productive purportedly on an average annual rainfall approaching 6 inches 10 consequently moisture must be captured until the crop can utilize it techniques include summer fallow rotation in which one crop is grown on two seasons precipitation leaving standing stubble and crop residue to trap snow and preventing runoff by terracing fields terracing is also practiced by farmers on a smaller scale by laying out the direction of furrows to slow water runoff downhill usually by plowing along either contours or keylines moisture can be conserved by eliminating weeds and leaving crop residue to shade the soil effective use of available moisture edit once moisture is available for the crop to use it must be used as effectively as possible seed planting depth and timing are carefully considered to place the seed at a depth at which sufficient moisture exists or where it will exist when seasonal precipitation falls farmers tend to use crop varieties which are drought tolerant and heat stress tolerant even lower yielding varieties thus the likelihood of a successful crop is hedged if seasonal precipitation fails soil conservation edit main article soil conservation the nature of dryland farming makes it particularly susceptible to erosion especially wind erosion some techniques for conserving soil moisture such as frequent tillage to kill weeds are at odds with techniques for conserving topsoil since healthy topsoil is critical to sustainable agriculture in particular within arid areas its preservation is generally considered citation needed the most important long term goal of a dryland farming operation erosion control techniques such as windbreaks reduced tillage or no till spreading straw or other mulch on particularly susceptible ground and strip farming are used to minimize topsoil loss weedling edit weedling is process of turning over 90 degree and exposing weed s root during tillage to prevent soil erosion by wind and desertification at the same time direct absorption of nutrients from weeds and moisture provides suitable environment to floris biodiversity of organisms in soil control of input costs edit dryland farming is practiced in regions inherently marginal for non irrigated agriculture because of this there is an increased risk of crop failure and poor yields which may occur in a dry year regardless of money or effort expended dryland farmers must evaluate the potential yield of a crop constantly throughout the growing season and be prepared to decrease inputs to the crop such as fertilizer and weed control if it appears that it is likely to have a poor yield due to insufficient moisture conversely in years when moisture is abundant farmers may increase their input efforts and budget to maximize yields and to offset poor harvests arid zone agriculture edit main article desert farming a dryland farming paddock arid zone agriculture or desert agriculture is the subject of research and development that includes studies of how to increase the agricultural productivity of lands dominated by a lack of fresh water an abundance of heat and sunlight and usually one or more of the following extreme winter cold short rainy season saline soil or water strong dry winds poor soil structure overgrazing limited technological development poverty or political instability citation needed the two basic approaches are citation needed view the given environmental and socioeconomic characteristics as negative obstacles to be overcome view as many as possible of them as positive resources to be used see also edit agriculture in israel agriculture in the prehistoric southwest arid forest research institute biosalinity dust bowl environmental issues with agriculture international center for agricultural research in the dry areas irrigation seawater greenhouse small scale agriculture university of arid agriculture xerophyte references edit dust storm in eastern washington image of the day earthobservatory nasa gov 6 october 2009 retrieved 2009 10 10 kornei katherine 9 march 2023 dry farming could help agriculture in the western u s amid climate change science news retrieved 9 october 2024 technology and wheat yields in the semiarid central great plains pdf archived pdf from the original on 2017 02 12 1 2 3 dry farming california agricultural water stewardship initiative retrieved 27 april 2016 garrett amy common misconceptions and key points about dry farming case study of dry farmer with more than 40 years of experience osu small farms oregon state university archived from the original on 10 may 2016 retrieved 28 april 2016 smith c henry 1981 smith s story of the mennonites revised and expanded by cornelius krahn newton kansas faith and life press pp 263 265 isbn 0 87303 069 9 dry farming vegetables osu small farms oregon state university archived from the original on 13 april 2016 retrieved 27 april 2016 malcolm bill sale peter egan adrian 1996 agriculture in australia an introduction australia oxford university press isbn 0 19 553695 9 the amazingly diverse climate and geography of washington state leder dave 2019 02 04 dryland wheat farmers grow to love no till method capital press retrieved 2019 12 03 further reading edit wikimedia commons has media related to dryland farming henry gilbert dryland farming january 1982 december 1990 beltsville md u s department of agriculture national agricultural library 1991 mary w m hargraves dry farming in the northern great plains years of readjustment 1920 1990 lawrence university of kansas 1993 oklahoma state board of agriculture report guthrie ok n p 1908 dr john a widtsoe ph d dry farming a system of agriculture for countries under a low rainfall ny the macmillan company 1911 victor squires and philip tow dryland farming a systems approach an analysis of dryland agriculture in australia sydney sydney university press 1991 o bar scott 2013 alternative crops for drylands proactively adapting to climate change and water shortages amaigabe press santa barbara ca isbn 978 0 9882822 0 9 encyclopedia of oklahoma history and culture dry farming p koohafkan and b a stewart water and cereals in drylands published by the food and agriculture organization of the united nations and earthscan pdf steve solomon water wise vegetables for the maritime northwest gardener sasquatch books 1993 v t e agriculture outline history index occupations agriculturist agricultural engineer farmer farm worker herder general agribusiness agricultural cooperative agricultural supplies agricultural science agricultural engineering agricultural technology precision biotechnology agroforestry agronomy animal husba...