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962 kingdom of the east franks franks of the east regnum francorum orientalium latin 843 962 east francia in 843 after the treaty of verdun capital various including frankfurt and ratisbon regensburg common languages medieval latin old high german old low german old frisian slavic languages religion chalcedonian christianity under the jurisdiction of the church of rome germanic religion demonym east frankish east frank government monarchy king 843 876 louis the german first 936 962 title held until his death in 973 otto the great historical era middle ages treaty of verdun 843 treaty of meerssen 870 disestablished 962 currency pfennig preceded by succeeded by francia carolingian empire holy roman empire kingdom of germany part of a series on the history of germany topics chronology historiography military economy lgbt judaism women territorial evolution historic states holy roman empire monarchs queens empresses 1918 family tree austria bavaria prussia saxony württemberg mediatised early history linear pottery culture únětice culture urnfield culture germanic peoples migration period barbarian kingdoms frankish empire middle ages east francia kingdom of germany holy roman empire eastward settlement early modern period sectionalism 18th century kingdom of prussia unification mediatisation confederation of the rhine german confederation vormärz zollverein revolutions of 1848 north german confederation german reich german empire 1871 1918 world war i 1914 1918 weimar republic 1918 1933 nazi germany 1933 1945 world war ii 1939 1945 contemporary germany occupation ostgebiete 1945 1949 1952 expulsion of germans 1944 1950 west east division 1949 1990 reunification new states 1990 modern history since 1990 germany portal history portal v t e east francia latin francia orientalis or the kingdom of the east franks regnum francorum orientalium was a successor state of the carolingian empire ruled by the carolingian dynasty until 911 it was established through the 843 treaty of verdun which divided the former kingdom of francia into three kingdoms francia orientalis the east frankish kingdom francia media the middle frankish kingdom and francia occidentalis the west frankish kingdom the east west division with the treaty of verdun enforced by the germanic latin language split gradually hardened into the establishment of separate kingdoms 1 with east francia becoming or being the kingdom of germany and west francia becoming the kingdom of france 2 3 terminology edit the term francia land of the franks also known as the kingdom of the franks was commonly used to refer to the empire the ruling dynasty was frankish although its inhabitants were mostly non frankish germanic tribes the kingdom of germany was mostly germanic speaking east francia especially after the kingship passed from frankish kings to the saxon ottonian dynasty in 919 the term orientalis francia originally referred to franconia and orientales franci to its inhabitants the ethnic franks living east of the rhine the use of the term in a broader sense to refer to the eastern kingdom was an innovation of louis the german s court since eastern francia could be identified with old austrasia the frankish heartland louis s choice of terminology hints at his ambitions 4 under his grandson arnulf of carinthia the terminology was largely dropped and the kingdom was simply known as francia 5 when it was necessary as in the 921 treaty of bonn with the west franks the eastern qualifier appeared henry i refers to himself as rex francorum orientalium king of the east franks in the treaty 6 by the 12th century historian otto of freising in using the carolingian terminology had to explain that the eastern kingdom of the franks orientale francorum regnum was now called the kingdom of the germans regnum teutonicorum 7 history edit division of the carolingian empire after the treaty of verdun in 843 in august 843 after three years of civil war following the death of emperor louis the pious on 20 june 840 the treaty of verdun was signed by his three sons and heirs the division of lands was largely based on the meuse scheldt saone and rhone rivers while the eldest son lothair i kept the imperial title and the kingdom of middle francia charles the bald received west francia and louis the german received the eastern portion of mostly germanic speaking lands the duchy of saxony austrasia alamannia the duchy of bavaria and the march of carinthia the contemporary east frankish annales fuldenses describes the kingdom being divided in three and louis acceding to the eastern part 8 the west frankish annales bertiniani describes the extent of louis s lands at the assigning of portions louis obtained all the land beyond the rhine river but on this side of the rhine also the cities of speyer worms and mainz with their counties 9 the kingdom of west francia went to charles the bald and between their realms a kingdom of middle francia incorporating italy was given to lothair while east francia contained about a third of austrasia the rest consisted mostly of lands annexed to the frankish empire between the 5th and the 8th century 10 these included the duchies of alamannia bavaria saxony and thuringia as well as the northern and eastern marches with the danes and slavs contemporary chronicler regino of prüm writes that the different people diversae nationes populorum of east francia mostly germanic and slavic speaking could be distinguished from each other by race customs language and laws genere moribus lingua legibus 10 11 in 869 lotharingia was divided between west and east francia under the treaty of meerssen the short lived middle francia turned out to be the theatre of franco german wars up until the 20th century all the frankish lands were briefly reunited by charles the fat but in 888 he was deposed by nobles and in east francia arnulf of carinthia was elected king the increasing weakness of royal power in east francia meant that dukes of bavaria swabia franconia saxony and lotharingia turned from appointed nobles into hereditary rulers of their territories kings increasingly had to deal with regional rebellions in 911 saxon franconian bavarian and swabian nobles no longer followed the tradition of electing someone from the carolingian dynasty as a king to rule over them and on 10 november 911 elected one of their own conrad i as king because conrad was one of the dukes he found it very hard to establish his authority over them duke henry of saxony was in rebellion against conrad until 915 and struggle against arnulf duke of bavaria cost conrad his life on his deathbed conrad chose henry as the most capable successor this kingship changed from franks to saxons who had suffered greatly during the conquests of charlemagne henry who was elected to kingship by only saxons and franconians at fritzlar had to subdue other dukes and concentrated on creating a state apparatus which was fully utilized by his son and successor otto i by his death in 936 henry had prevented collapse of royal power as was happening in west francia and he left a much stronger kingdom to otto after otto was crowned emperor in rome in 962 the era of the holy roman empire began kingship edit division of the carolingian empire after the treaty of meerssen in 870 the regalia of the carolingian empire had been divided by louis the pious on his deathbed between his two faithful sons charles the bald and lothair i louis the german then in rebellion received nothing of the crown jewels or liturgical books associated with carolingian kingship thus the symbols and rituals of east frankish kingship were created from scratch 12 from an early date the east frankish kingdom had a more formalised notion of royal election than west francia around 900 a liturgy for the coronation of a king called the early german ordo was written for a private audience it required the coronator to ask the designated prince princeps designatus whether he was willing to defend the church and the people and then to turn and ask the people whether they were willing to be subject to the prince and obey his laws the latter then shouted fiat fiat let it be done an act that later became known as recognition this is the earliest known coronation ordo with a recognition in it and it was subsequently incorporated in the influential pontificale romano germanicum 13 in june 888 king arnulf convened a council at mainz in attendance were the three archbishops of east francia wilbert of cologne liutbert of mainz and ratbod of trier and west francia archbishops of reims fulk and rouen john i along with the bishops of beauvais and noyon according to walter ullmann the presence of the west franks was on account of the barren ecclesiastical thought of the east and the council proceeded to adopt west frankish ideas of royal sacrality and anointing it was the first phase in the process of assimilation of the two halves of the carolingian inheritance 14 in another church council at tribur in 895 the prelates declared that arnulf was chosen by god and not by men and arnulf in turn swore to defend the church and its privileges from all its enemies when arnulf died in 899 his minor son louis iv was crowned but not anointed and placed under the tutelage of archbishop hatto i of mainz louis s coronation was the first in german history when louis died in 911 duke conrad i then the duke of franconia was elected to replace him on 10 november and he became the first german king to receive unction 14 church edit the three basic services monasteries could owe to the sovereign in the frankish realms were military service an annual donation of money or work and prayers for the royal family and the kingdom collectively these were known by the technical term servitium regis king s service 15 according to the evidence of the notitia de servitio monasteriorum a list of monasteries and the services they owed drawn up around 817 the burden of military and monetary service was more severe in west francia than in east francia only four monasteries listed as beyond the rhine ultra rhenum owed these services lorsch schuttern mondsee and tegernsee 16 list of kings edit carolingian dynasty louis the german 843 876 divided carloman in bavaria 876 879 louis the younger in saxony 876 882 and bavaria 879 882 charles the fat in alemannia 876 882 charles the fat 882 887 arnulf of carinthia 887 899 louis the child 900 911 conradine dynasty conrad i of germany 911 918 ottonian dynasty henry the fowler 919 936 otto the great 936 973 see also edit list of frankish kings list of german monarchs notes edit bradbury 2007 21 division which gradually hardened into the establishment of separate kingdoms notably east and west francia or what we can begin to call germany and france goldberg 2006 6 louis the german s kingship laid the foundations for an east frankish kingdom that in the eleventh century was transformed into the medieval kingdom of germany reuter 2006 p 270 goldberg 2006 73 müller mertens 1999 237 müller mertens 1999 241 scales 2012 158 af a 843 in tres partes diviso hludowicus quidem orientalem partem accepti ab a 843 ubi distributis portionibus hludowicus ultra rhenum omnia citra rhenum vero nemetum vangium et moguntiam civitates pagosque sortitus est the cities are speyer worms and mainz 1 2 goldberg 1999 41 reynolds 1997 257 goldberg 1999 43 ullmann 1969 108 09 1 2 ullmann 1969 124 27 bernhardt 1993 77 bernhardt 1993 112 and n 116 references edit bernard bachrach and david bachrach the saxon military revolution 912 973 myth and reality early medieval europe 15 2007 186 222 doi 10 1111 j 1468 0254 2007 00203 x bernard bachrach and david bachrach early saxon frontier warfare henry i otto i and carolingian military institutions journal of medieval military history 10 2012 17 60 david bachrach exercise of royal power in early medieval europe the case of otto the great 936 973 early medieval europe 17 2009 389 419 doi 10 1111 j 1468 0254 2009 00283 x david bachrach the written word in carolingian style fiscal administration under king henry i 919 936 german history 28 4 2010 399 423 doi 10 1093 gerhis ghq108 john w bernhardt itinerant kingship and royal monasteries in early medieval germany c 936 1075 cambridge studies in medieval life and thought 21 cambridge cambridge university press 1993 isbn 0521394899 doi 10 1017 cbo9780511562372 bowlus charles r 1995 franks moravians and magyars the struggle for the middle danube 788 907 philadelphia university of pennsylvania press isbn 9780812232769 jim bradbury the capetians kings of france 987 1328 london hambledon continuum 2007 eric j goldberg more devoted to the equipment of battle than the splendor of banquets frontier kingship military ritual and early knighthood at the court of louis the german viator 30 1999 41 78 doi 10 1484 j viator 2 300829 goldberg eric j 2006 struggle for empire kingship and conflict under louis the german 817 876 ithaca ny cornell university press mckitterick rosamond 1983 the frankish kingdoms under the carolingians 751 987 harlow longman mckitterick rosamond 2008 charlemagne the formation of a european identity cambridge cambridge university press maclean simon 2003 kingship and politics in the late ninth century charles the fat and the end of the carolingian empire new york cambridge university press eckhard müller mertens the ottonians as kings and emperors timothy reuter ed the new cambridge medieval history volume ii c 900 c 1024 cambridge cambridge university press 1999 nelson janet l 2019 king and emperor a new life of charlemagne london isbn 9780520314207 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link timothy reuter the medieval german sonderweg the empire and its rulers in the highe middle ages in kings and kingship in medieval europe ed anne j duggan london 1993 179 211 reuter timothy 2013 1991 germany in the early middle ages c 800 1056 london and new york routledge reuter timothy 2006 medieval polities and modern mentalities cambridge cambridge university press schutz herbert 2004 the carolingians in central europe their history arts and architecture a cultural history of central europe 750 900 leiden boston brill susan reynolds kingdoms and communities in western europe 900 1300 oxford clarendon 1997 len scales the shaping of german identity authority and crisis 1245 1414 cambridge cambridge university press 2012 ullmann walter 1969 the carolingian renaissance and the idea of kingship london methuen karl ferdinand werner les nations et le sentiment national dans l europe médiévale revue historique 244 2 1970 285 304 west charles 2023 the fall of a carolingian kingdom lotharingia 855 869 toronto university of toronto press portals europe middle ages monarchy east francia at wikipedia s sister projects definitions from wiktionary media from commons authority control databases national czech republic poland retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title east_francia oldid 1375859836 categories east franc...