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c driver for the wider south east wales economy 1 the city and the adjoining vale of glamorgan contribute a disproportionately high share of economic output in wales 2 the cardiff travel to work area has grown significantly since 1991 the 2001 based version includes much of the central south wales valleys in addition to the vale of glamorgan 3 in the 19th century the economy of cardiff benefitted most from coal exportation and steel production cardiff s port became the world s most important coal port handling more than london and liverpool citation needed today cardiff is a centre for white collar professions 4 the city relies principally on the retail finance media and tourism sectors and has been undergoing major regeneration since the late 20th century particularly in cardiff city centre and cardiff bay economic data edit gdp edit the economy of cardiff and adjacent areas makes up nearly 20 of welsh gdp and 40 of the city s workforce are daily in commuters from the surrounding south wales area 5 6 employment edit capital tower total employment in cardiff stood at 190 948 in 2008 7 a rise from 149 000 in 1991 to 176 700 in 2005 and has been growing at around 2005 per annum in recent years almost double the rate across great britain 1 3 8 in addition an estimated 18 000 people are self employed taking the total workforce to around 194 000 8 following the decline of the city s heavy industry in the latter part of the 20th century the economy of cardiff is now dominated by the service sector see table of employment by industry below with just 9 of employees 15 650 individuals engaged in manufacturing activities 8 public administration education and health is the largest sector in cardiff providing employment for 32 of the city s workforce cardiff is the main financial and business services centre in wales and as such the sector provides employment for 20 of the city s workforce this sector combined with the public administration education and health sectors have accounted for around 75 of cardiff s economic growth since 1991 8 20 4 of employees in cardiff are based in the distribution hotels and restaurants sector highlighting the growing retail and tourism industries in the city 8 a major 675 million regeneration programme for cardiff s st david s centre was carried out between 2006 and 2009 which provides a total of 1 400 000 square feet 130 000 m 2 of shopping space making it one of the largest shopping centres in the united kingdom 9 cardiff has above average levels of employment in the financial services sector in comparison with wales and great britain as a whole the city has above average representation in sectors such as financial services the provision of call centres tv and film and the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations employment growth sectors in cardiff have to an extent mirrored national trends with particularly high levels of growth in construction distribution hotels and restaurants transport and communications banking finance and insurance and public administration education and health 7 unemployment edit in 2010 the city had an unemployment rate of 4 4 7 although this represents a slight increase from the 2 2 recorded in 2004 when it compared favourably with the wales average of 5 2 and the united kingdom average of around 8 10 in 2010 unemployment in cardiff was higher than the wales and uk rates but lower than in birmingham liverpool glasgow and manchester unemployment in cardiff is concentrated in the southern areas of the city and is highest in the butetown ward unemployment has risen considerably in cardiff between 2000 and 2008 the total number of unemployment claimants in cardiff stood at around 5 000 by 2010 this figure had risen to around 10 000 claimant rate in cardiff is significantly higher for men 6 0 than for the city s female 2 2 population 7 earnings edit trend of regional gross value added of cardiff and the vale at basic prices 1995 2003 11 figures in millions of british pounds sterling year regional gva agriculture industry services 1995 4 753 11 1 110 3 632 2000 6 584 10 1 302 5 277 2003 8 201 11 1 374 6 816 2005 8 978 11 1 465 7 502 2007 9 432 11 1 565 7 856 average earnings for workers in cardiff lead the all wales average as of 2009 full time gross weekly earnings in cardiff stood at almost 460 compared with almost 490 for the uk and 440 for wales earnings in cardiff have grown 45 between 1998 and 2009 more or less mirroring the uk and wales average trends at 483 20 average weekly earnings for residents in cardiff are relatively close to the uk average of 488 70 and significantly greater than the welsh average of 444 90 as average residents in the city are earning more than the average worker this implies that those travelling into the city to work earn less than those who live in cardiff average earnings for residents in cardiff are higher than many other major uk cities such as birmingham leeds and liverpool although they do still lag the uk average as well as bristol and edinburgh 7 gva edit in 2007 cardiff and the vale of glamorgan had a gdp of 9 432 billion gbp in the same year gross value added per head was 21 195 this figure is higher than both the welsh and uk gva per head at 14 853 and 19 951 respectively as well as cities including birmingham manchester and liverpool total gva growth between 1995 and 2007 was 91 7 commuters edit out of 197 000 workers in cardiff in 2008 126 100 live in the city and 70 900 commute from the surrounding region 27 100 people who live in cardiff commute out of the city 7 qualifications edit overall cardiff s qualified population consistently outperforms the wales and uk averages by some distance this is partly determined by demographics with cardiff s relatively young population and also the existence of a number of universities in the south east wales region in 2008 38 5 of the city s population were qualified with an nvq4 compared to 26 5 in wales and 28 9 in the uk the proportion of cardiff s working age population with no qualifications is lower than the wales and uk averages 11 1 in the city had no formal qualification compared to 14 1 in wales and 12 7 in the uk cardiff is also particularly highly qualified in comparison with other cities in the uk 32 of its residents have a degree or equivalent of the major cities outside london only edinburgh and brighton have a higher proportion of its working age population with a degree or equivalent 7 industry edit since the 19th century a number of differing industries have shaped the city and continue to do so today coal edit coal ships in cardiff docks what transformed cardiff into a big city was the demand for coal required in making iron and later steel brought to the sea by packhorse from merthyr tydfil the ironmasters the proprietors of the smelters in dowlais and merthyr wanted to reduce the cost of carrying iron by road to ships berthed in the estuary of the river taff at cardiff they sought permission of parliament to build a 25 mile 40 km long canal from merthyr 510 feet above sea level to the taff estuary at cardiff 12 work on building the glamorganshire canal began in 1790 took eight years and involved installing 50 locks 12 the cardiff sea lock which enabled barges to unload iron into seagoing ships was built at harrowby street harrowby a viking place name had been the original norse trading post in cardiff eventually the taff vale railway replaced the canal barges and massive marshalling yards sprang up as new docks were developed in cardiff all prompted by the soaring worldwide demand for south wales coal by 1907 cardiff s docks had 11 kilometres 6 8 mi of quayage one of the largest dock systems in the world at that time 13 cardiff s port known as tiger bay became for some time the world s most important coal port and for a few years before world war i the tonnage handled at the port outstripped london and liverpool 14 however some statistical tables conflate barry and penarth trade figures with cardiff s so the role of the coal port can be inflated 13 in 1907 cardiff s coal exchange was the first host to a business deal for a million pounds sterling 15 competition from the new docks at barry from the 1890s and falling demand for welsh coal during the interwar period contributed to the decline of the port 13 by the 1980s large areas of cardiff docks were derelict and a regeneration project that eventually transformed south cardiff began steel edit the construction of the east moors steelworks known as dowlais by the sea established cardiff as a major steelmaking centre in the 1890s and was the first example of the welsh industry s move from inland to coastal locations 13 the plant s main products were steel plates for shipbuilding though it did not provide the hoped for stimulus for a local shipbuilding industry 13 and by the 1930s it was manufacturing half a million tons of steel per year 16 although the east moors works closed in 1978 steel production continues in cardiff at the celsa steel uk plant in cardiff bay which produces reinforcing bars and wire 17 retail edit see also list of shopping arcades in cardiff cardiff market on st mary street in the city centre retail also plays a strong role in the city s employment with it being listed as being the 6th best place to shop in the uk according to recent surveys 18 the majority of cardiff s shopping portfolio is in the city centre around queen street and st mary s street there are also numerous suburban retail parks serving the city cardiff retail sector is dominated by three main shopping arcades located in the city centre st david s centre queens arcade and the capitol centre the current expansion of st david s centre as part of the st david s 2 project is allowing a huge piece of land between the hayes and charles street to be demolished and redeveloped bringing around 200 shops flats and a john lewis department store to the city this will more than double the available floor space making it one of the largest shopping centres in the united kingdom as well as these modern shopping arcades the city is still home to many victorian shopping arcades such as high street arcade castle arcade wyndham arcade royal arcade and morgan arcade there are two main shopping streets in the city centre queen street is home to the main chain stores such as topshop topman boots gap dorothy perkins primark and zara to name a few the second main street st mary street and high street is home to wales oldest and largest department store howells and is also home to smaller independent stores also of note is the hayes home to spillers records which was established in 1894 and is officially recognised as the world s oldest record shop 19 the city is also host to s a brain a brewery with premises in cardiff since 1882 the current brewery is located next to central station cardiff has a number of markets these include the vast victorian indoor central market splott market riverside farmers market and associated farmers markets in roath rhiwbina and llandaff north which all specialise in locally produced and organic produce and a smaller fruit veg style st david s market on barrack lane which will be improved with the coming of st david s 2 several out of town retail parks also exist in locations such as newport road culverhouse cross cardiff gate and cardiff bay there have been a number of issues relating to city centre shopping most recently the cost of parking in the city centre and the experimental banning of private cars on st mary s street both have been heavily criticised by some sectors of the media public and retailers 20 21 up to one million extra shoppers a month have been coming into the capital since the new phase st david s opened footfall counters have recorded around one million extra visitors per month in early 2010 compared to 2009 22 finance edit cardiff is thriving as a centre for financial and business services which account for 50 000 jobs in the city cardiff is home to a large number of globally recognised financial services companies which have continued to grow during the economic downturn due largely to a competitive business model and a skilled and qualified workforce 7 today cardiff is the principal finance and business services centre in wales and as such there is a strong representation of finance and business services in the local economy in december 2003 33 850 individuals were employed in the sector higher than the proportion across both wales 9 6 and great britain 15 4 needs update the city was recently placed seventh overall in the top 50 european cities in the fdi 2008 cities of the future list published by the fdi magazine and also ranked seventh in terms of attracting foreign investment 23 legal general admiral insurance hbos zurich ing direct confused com the aa principality building society 118 118 british gas brains swalec energy and bt based in stadium house all operate large contact centres in the city many based in cardiff s office towers such as capital tower and brunel house barclays partner finance is headquartered in pontprennau other major employers include nhs wales and the national assembly for wales the cardiff based bank of wales was founded in 1971 but was later taken over by hbos and the brand name dropped media edit main article media in cardiff cardiff is home to the welsh media and has a large media sector with bbc wales s4c and itv wales all having studios in the city 24 employment in the sector has grown significantly in recent years and currently provides employment for 2 1 of the city s workforce higher than the level across wales 1 1 and marginally lower than that across great britain as a whole 2 2 24 bbc radio wales and radio cymru have their main studios in cardiff while both capital fm and heart fm also have a studio presence in the city a cluster of content driven providers is also flourishing in the city including design animation gaming tv production film music and journalism businesses 7 information and communications technology edit cardiff has experienced significant investment in information and communications technology ict infrastructure in recent years with the city and wider region being well served by modern communications many industries covered by this sector have moved from high volume production to specialist lower volume high value added production such research and development activity is anticipated to be the strongest driver of economic growth in the sector cardiff is also home to the european centre of research and development 7 tourism edit cardiff s top tourist attractions 2007 25 attraction no of visitors wales millennium centre 882 962 st fagans national history museum 642 289 national museum 353 079 cardiff castle 223 792 senedd building 204 110 cardiff bay visitor centre 196 764 techniquest 178 366 nationalities of tourists visiting cardiff 2009 26 country of origin no of visitors france 44 000 republic of ireland 36 000 germany 34 000 united s...