Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

effective, demand, contents, examples, of, spillovers, history, see, also, references, further, reading,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (63), #demand (58), and (45), market (39), gold (39), rush (39), crisis (35), recession (31), #effective (30), supply (30), bubble (25), economics (23), goods (23), united (22), panic (18), for (16), boom (14), states (14), labor (14), they (14), economic (13), banking (13), new (13), their (13), stock (12), oil (12), crash (12), theory (12), financial (11), money (10), great (10), disequilibrium (10), that (10), keynesian (9), revolution (9), credit (9), edit (9), can (9), notional (9), price (8), depression (8), rate (8), business (8), slavery (8), kingdom (8), history (8), wikipedia (7), this (7), debt (7), inflation (7), model (7), canada (7), australia (7), black (7), war (7), 1870 (7), 1861 (7), constrained (7), are (7), policy (6), macroeconomic (6), from (6), industrial (6), cycle (6), real (6), interest (6), general (6), whaling (6), markets (6), monetary (6), agriculture (6), 2023 (6), 1973 (6), economy (6), excess (6), page (5), with (5), age (5), unemployment (5), classical (5), glut (5), aggregate (5), rail (5), 1899 (5), transport (5), british (5), south (5), india (5), 2021 (5), 2007 (5), 1982 (5), post (5), 1880 (5), 1865 (5), journal (5), which (5), there (5), less (5), than (5), would (5), contents (4), search (4), energy (4), bank (4), global (4), trade (4), era (4), public (4), industry (4), present (4), 1900 (4), maritime (4), list (4), scotland (4), zealand (4), malaysia (4), early (4), 2022 (4), monday (4), australian (4), 2009 (4), 2000s (4), 1991 (4), 1990 (4), 1970s (4), world (4), 1930 (4), 1914 (4), 1893 (4), 1890 (4), rushes (4), 1867 (4), 1864 (4), 1851 (4), portal (4), law (4), kalecki (4), quantity (4), robert (4), keynes (4), also (4), other (4), influence (4), choose (4), spillovers (4), individuals (4), amount (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), view (3), statistics (3), may (3), non (3), wayback (3), links (3), social (3), capital (3), liquidity (3), housing (3), estate (3), shock (3), stagflation (3), curve (3), nominal (3), expansion (3), rule (3), level (3), employment (3), slave (3), colonial (3), recessions (3), wales (3), 1995 (3), 1994 (3), national (3), africa (3), commodities (3), sri (3), 2015 (3), 2014 (3), government (3), 2011 (3), 2010 (3), property (3), 2008 (3), 2002 (3), 2001 (3), 1990s (3), 1980 (3), silver (3), 1975 (3), 1945 (3), home (3), nova (3), scotia (3), 1929 (3), 1910 (3), 1903 (3), 1897 (3), 1896 (3), creek (3), 1869 (3), 1858 (3), publications (3), schools (3), neoclassical (3), evolutionary (3), ecological (3), macroeconomics (3), some (3), 1977 (3), february (3), further (3), barro (3), clower (3), see (3), production (3), such (3), equilibrium (3), say (3), one (3), another (3), latter (3), demands (3), number (3), will (3), example (3), constraint (3), when (3), concept (3), tools (3), main (3), languages (2), toggle (2), table (2), contact (2), about (2), privacy (2), under (2), terms (2), organization (2), foundation (2), was (2), categories (2), articles (2), short (2), description (2), wikidata (2), index (2), education (2), peak (2), contagion (2), flash (2), minsky (2), commodity (2), shocks (2), diamond (2), topics (2), balance (2), phillips (2), natural (2), nairu (2), hyperinflation (2), disinflation (2), deflation (2), cost (2), push (2), pull (2), debasement (2), zimbabwe (2), technological (2), petroleum (2), poverty (2), 2000 (2), 1800 (2), 1799 (2), expansions (2), steel (2), mining (2), central (2), investment (2), victorian (2), 1948 (2), 1923 (2), 1830 (2), middle (2), ages (2), england (2), interwar (2), english (2), fiscal (2), system (2), pakistan (2), tax (2), ghana (2), western (2), countries (2), 2024 (2), regional (2), effects (2), gas (2), shortages (2), impact (2), 2020 (2), lankan (2), 2017 (2), 2016 (2), bangladesh (2), tiger (2), december (2), october (2), west (2), 2006 (2), 2003 (2), 1997 (2), mini (2), asian (2), 1992 (2), 1989 (2), friday (2), 1987 (2), 1980s (2), second (2), gilded (2), 1976 (2), 1969 (2), 1970 (2), 1960 (2), 1958 (2), 1953 (2), 1950 (2), 1949 (2), 1930s (2), 1920 (2), 1925 (2), fronts (2), 1909 (2), 1907 (2), 1901 (2), river (2), 1891 (2), 1884 (2), 1879 (2), colorado (2), 1874 (2), 1873 (2), 1860 (2), 1859 (2), 1857 (2), 1848 (2), 1855 (2), 1847 (2), 1840 (2), mania (2), chicago (2), 1828 (2), 1825 (2), alabama (2), 1807 (2), 1810 (2), 1802 (2), 1796 (2), 1789 (2), 1785 (2), american (2), 1769 (2), 1760 (2), 1720 (2), slump (2), commercial (2), lists (2), economists (2), side (2), stockholm (2), institutional (2), neo (2), marxian (2), circuitism (2), synthesis (2), happiness (2), political (2), chartalism (2), behavioral (2), austrian (2), heterodox (2), mainstream (2), welfare (2), service (2), choice (2), labour (2), information (2), development (2), applied (2), econometrics (2), computational (2), mathematical (2), microeconomics (2), theoretical (2), marx (2), macmillan (2), varian (2), tucker (2), donald (2), models (2), rationing (2), quarterly (2), lorie (2), henri (2), april (2), lambert (2), edward (2), blog (2), reading (2), machine (2), 2013 (2), archived (2), sismondi (2), herschel (2), grossman (2), references (2), john (2), maynard (2), function (2), according (2), results (2), unplanned (2), inventories (2), increase (2), potential (2), multiplier (2), suggesting (2), shortage (2), century (2), creates (2), its (2), own (2), malthus (2), ricardo (2), different (2), firms (2), supplies (2), how (2), much (2), any (2), then (2), involves (2), borrow (2), finance (2), buy (2), all (2), want (2), contingent (2), examples (2), occurs (2), purchasers (2), not (2), prices (2), related (2), taylor (2), solow (2), ramsey (2), mundell (2), harrod (2), domar (2), monetarism (2), endogenous (2), growth (2), free (2), spending (2), output (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), read (2), article (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, text, available, additional, apply, using, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, profit, wikimedia, inc, use, creative, commons, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, edited, march, 2026, utc, hidden, excerpts, webarchive, template, matches, aggregates, retrieved, https, org, php, title, effective_demand, oldid, 1341388814, proposed, bubbles, higher, unicorn, media, green, everything, carbon, imagination, fourth, trend, irrational, exuberance, leverage, moment, funding, accounting, currency, crunch, failure, run, speculation, ghost, town, boomtown, booms, shapes, rolling, sheet, inverted, yield, stagnation, recovery, miracle, velocity, sahm, value, neutrality, full, built, monetization, dichotomy, chronic, underconsumption, wage, stickiness, paradox, thrift, overproduction, dollar, taxation, tariffs, forced, transportation, shale, 1999, 1776, lumber, iron, indentured, servitude, coal, wildcat, cooperatives, unions, 1947, 1922, pre, empire, atlantic, agricultural, uganda, nigeria, salt, deindustrialisation, raj, company, pacific, northwest, currencies, sectors, 2025, food, crises, decline, pakistani, surge, chain, supplier, 2020s, sectoral, impacts, covid, 2019, 2018, fuel, brexit, selloff, puerto, rican, cryptocurrency, share, scam, august, fall, 2010s, cub, blue, corporate, failures, bear, correction, subprime, mortgage, november, september, indies, lanka, uranium, north, dakota, myanmar, canadian, 2004, downturn, dot, com, papua, guinea, bond, wednesday, indian, rhode, island, 13th, 1986, savings, loan, 1985, 1983, saturday, moderation, computer, thursday, sterling, 1979, secondary, 1974, poseidon, kennedy, slide, 1962, 1961, 1957, 1954, 1951, hong, kong, singapore, compression, wwii, front, 1932, 1942, third, kakamega, 1937, 1938, 1933, contraction, 1939, wall, street, 1926, 1927, 1924, roaring, twenties, 1920s, florida, land, 1921, 1918, 1919, period, 1913, 1912, porcupine, 1908, cobalt, 1902, 1904, texas, fairbanks, nome, mount, baker, kobuk, stampede, klondike, 1894, cripple, baring, 1887, 1886, witwatersrand, cayoosh, 1882, 1885, ohio, indiana, hills, long, cassiar, coromandel, 2nd, kildonan, vermilion, lake, 1866, coast, first, civil, otago, pennsylvania, pike, 1853, omineca, big, bend, leechtown, 1863, wild, horse, cariboo, stikine, similkameen, rock, fraser, canyon, queen, charlottes, columbia, california, 1845, 1844, plank, road, 1850, railway, state, defaults, 1840s, 1836, 1838, 1839, 1843, 1837, 1833, 1830s, georgia, 1826, 1822, 1815, 1821, napoleonic, 1812, fever, 1810s, carolina, 1804, 1797, 1790, canal, 1793, 1792, copper, 1788, 1775, 1783, revolutionary, 1772, 1773, 1784, bengal, 1st, 1754, 1763, seven, years, 1717, mississippi, 1713, sea, frost, 1709, 1706, 1690, 1544, 1551, 1430, 1490, 1400, 1500, bullion, famine, 1000, commonwealth, nations, outline, category, journals, glossary, thermo, socialist, physiocracy, lausanne, mutualism, mixed, mercantilism, marginalism, malthusianism, humanistic, historical, georgism, freiwirtschaft, feminist, democratic, critique, modern, buddhist, ancient, thought, attention, urban, rural, resources, regulatory, sector, planning, personnel, participation, management, institutions, infrastructure, health, geographic, environmental, engineering, demographic, cultural, experimental, empirical, pluralism, agent, based, complexity, mechanism, design, contract, game, decision, profits, thoughts, sraffa, sebastiani, london, 978, 02411, isbn, relevance, today, vianello, stability, 260, 270, scandinavian, 1971, lags, speed, 1968, adjustments, macro, 1978, 265, 287, inquiry, synopsis, modeling, limit, korliras, panayotis, chapter, surfing, reflections, huw, dixon, buiter, willem, unfamiliar, properties, familiar, 743, 754, simonde, controversy, cambridge, univ, press, 1965, counter, appraisal, brechling, reprinted, rates, hahn, walrasian, equilibria, 573, 590, econometrica, hal, scarcity, reproduction, principle, induced, surplus, aggregation, problem, 1960s, did, work, published, well, known, spillover, upon, axel, leijonhufvud, weak, accumulation, leading, diminished, increased, triggers, draws, toward, same, token, strong, reduction, tends, incomes, consider, trends, sustainable, typically, thereby, improving, levels, investments, entrepreneurs, underemployment, effect, income, embraced, formulation, every, corresponding, suggests, never, accompanied, inadequate, products, challenging, 19th, argued, stable, responding, 20th, concurred, developing, comprehensive, michał, jean, charles, leonard, thomas, david, economist, each, presence, influences, degree, turn, constraints, imposed, participants, former, exhibit, differ, too, resulting, differing, addition, time, employ, therefore, limiting, sell, physical, funds, purchases, including, houses, could, consumer, durables, conversely, enjoy, more, leisure, absence, cannot, able, supplied, contrast, were, simultaneously, both, purchase, product, contrasts, aggregated, referred, parallels, becomes, relevant, continuously, maintain, international, fields, wicksell, walras, tobin, tinbergen, stone, stiglitz, smith, sargent, samuelson, robinson, quesnay, prescott, phelps, okun, nordhaus, myrdal, modigliani, mitchell, mankiw, lucas, lerner, kydland, kuznets, krugman, klein, kaldor, hicks, hayek, hansen, friedman, frisch, fisher, blanchard, bernanke, people, structuralist, mmt, saltwater, freshwater, rbc, swan, cass, koopmans, overshooting, overlapping, generations, fleming, matching, cross, dsge, arrow, debreu, accelerator, tariff, protectionism, control, quantitative, easing, open, operation, targeting, stimulus, austerity, policies, rigidity, microfoundations, saving, expectations, rational, adaptive, payments, dynamics, preference, creation, trap, shrinkflation, exchange, gap, nni, gni, gdp, sna, accounts, measurement, basic, concepts, part, series, marketplace, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, version, download, pdf, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, cite, permanent, link, what, here, actions, talk, türkçe, русский, português, nederlands, 한국어, 日本語, italiano, bahasa, indonesia, français, فارسی, euskara, español, azərbaycanca, العربية, top, personal, special, pages, recent, community, learn, help, contribute, random, current, events, navigation, jump, content,

Text of the page (random words):
t links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia demand in a constrained marketplace part of a series on macroeconomics basic concepts output and measurement growth business cycle financial crisis recession depression national accounts sna gdp gni nni output gap unemployment money and prices exchange rate inflation cost push deflation demand pull disinflation price level shrinkflation stagflation interest rate liquidity trap money creation demand liquidity preference endogenous supply dynamics and theory aggregate demand effective demand aggregate supply balance of payments expectations adaptive rational government debt investment saving microfoundations nominal rigidity shocks demand supply policies fiscal austerity government spending welfare spending stimulus tax policy monetary central bank inflation targeting open market operation quantitative easing commercial capital control free trade protectionism tariff models accelerator ad as arrow debreu endogenous growth general equilibrium dsge harrod domar is lm keynesian cross matching multiplier mundell fleming nairu overlapping generations overshooting phillips curve quantity theory of money ramsey cass koopmans solow swan taylor rule schools mainstream keynesian new monetarism new classical rbc new neoclassical synthesis saltwater and freshwater stockholm heterodox austrian chartalism mmt disequilibrium ecological market monetarism marxian post keynesian circuitism structuralist supply side people barro bernanke blanchard diamond domar fisher frisch friedman hansen harrod hayek hicks kaldor kalecki keynes klein krugman kuznets kydland lerner lucas malthus mankiw marx minsky mitchell modigliani mundell myrdal nordhaus okun phelps prescott quesnay ramsey ricardo robinson samuelson sargent smith solow stiglitz stone taylor tinbergen tobin walras wicksell related fields development economics econometrics economic statistics evolutionary economics international economics monetary economics public finance see also economics applied macroeconomic model mathematical economics microeconomics political economy publications in macroeconomics economics portal business portal v t e in economics effective demand ed in a market is the demand for a product or service which occurs when purchasers are constrained in a different market it contrasts with notional demand which is the demand that occurs when purchasers are not constrained in any other market in the aggregated market for goods in general demand notional or effective is referred to as aggregate demand the concept of effective supply parallels the concept of effective demand the concept of effective demand or supply becomes relevant when markets do not continuously maintain equilibrium prices 1 2 3 examples of spillovers edit one example involves spillovers from the labor market to the goods market if there is labour market disequilibrium such that individuals cannot supply all the labor they want to supply then the amount that they are able to supply will influence their demand for goods the demand for goods contingent on the constraint on the amount of labor that can be supplied is their effective demand for goods in contrast if there were no labor market disequilibrium individuals would simultaneously choose both their quantity of labor to supply and the quantity of goods to purchase and the latter would be their notional demand for goods in this example the effective demand for goods would be less than the notional demand for goods conversely if there are goods market shortages individuals may choose to supply less labor and enjoy more leisure than they would in the absence of goods market disequilibrium the amount of labor they choose to supply contingent on the constraint on the number of goods they can buy is the effective supply of labor another example involves spillovers from credit markets to the goods market if there is credit rationing some individuals are constrained in the number of funds they can borrow to finance goods purchases including consumer durables and houses so their effective demand for goods as a function of this constraint is less than their notional demand for goods the amount they would buy if they could borrow all they want to firms can also exhibit effective demands or supplies that differ from notional demands or supplies they too can be credit constrained resulting in their effective demand for goods such as physical capital differing from their notional demand in addition in a time of labor shortage they are constrained in how much labor they can employ therefore the number of goods they choose to supply at any potential goods price their effective supply of goods will be less than their notional supply and if firms are constrained by excess supply in the goods market limiting how much goods they can sell then their effective demand for labor will be less than their notional demand for labor the excess demands in different markets can influence each other the presence of excess demand in one market influences effective demand or supply in another market which may influence the degree of disequilibrium in the latter market in turn the constraints imposed on participants in that market influence their effective demand or supply in the former market history edit classical economist david ricardo embraced say s law suggesting in keynes s formulation that supply creates its own demand according to say s law for every excess supply glut of goods in one market there is a corresponding excess demand shortage in another this theory suggests that a general glut can never be accompanied by inadequate demand for products on a macroeconomic level 4 in challenging say s law thomas malthus jean charles leonard de sismondi and other 19th century economists argued that effective demand is the foundation of a stable economy 5 responding to the great depression of the 20th century in the 1930s michał kalecki and john maynard keynes concurred with the latter theory suggesting that demand creates its own supply and developing a comprehensive theory of effective demand according to keynesian economics weak demand results in unplanned accumulation of inventories leading to diminished production and income and increased unemployment this triggers a multiplier effect which draws the economy toward underemployment equilibrium by the same token strong demand results in unplanned reduction of inventories which tends to increase production employment and incomes if entrepreneurs consider such trends sustainable investments typically increase thereby improving potential levels of production in the 1960s robert clower and axel leijonhufvud did further work on effective demand and in the 1970s robert barro and herschel grossman published a well known model of spillover effects upon effective demand 3 see also edit aggregate supply aggregation problem economic surplus excess demand function induced demand principle of effective demand reproduction scarcity supply and demand supply shock john maynard keynes references edit hal varian 1977 non walrasian equilibria econometrica april 573 590 robert w clower 1965 the keynesian counter revolution a theoretical appraisal in f h hahn and f p r brechling ed the theory of interest rates macmillan reprinted in clower 1987 money and markets pp 34 58 1 2 robert barro and herschel grossman 1976 money employment and inflation cambridge univ press the general glut controversy archived 2013 05 17 at the wayback machine j c l simonde de sismondi archived 2013 05 16 at the wayback machine further reading edit buiter willem and lorie henri some unfamiliar properties of a familiar macroeconomic model the economic journal december 1977 743 754 huw dixon reflections on new keynesian economics surfing economics 2001 chapter 4 korliras panayotis a disequilibrium macroeconomic model quarterly journal of economics february 1975 56 80 lambert edward modeling an effective demand limit to the business cycle effective demand blog 12 28 2014 lambert edward synopsis of effective demand effective demand blog 9 24 2015 lorie henri price quantity adjustments in a macro disequilibrium model economic inquiry april 1978 265 287 tucker donald credit rationing interest rate lags and monetary policy speed quarterly journal of economics february 1968 54 84 tucker donald macroeconomic models and the demand for money under market disequilibrium journal of money credit and banking february 1971 57 83 varian h the stability of a disequilibrium is lm model scandinavian journal of economics 1977 2 260 270 vianello f 1989 effective demand and the rate of profits some thoughts on marx kalecki and sraffa in sebastiani m ed kalecki s relevance today london macmillan isbn 978 03 12 02411 6 v t e economics theoretical microeconomics decision theory price theory game theory contract theory mechanism design macroeconomics mathematical economics complexity economics computational economics agent based computational economics behavioral economics pluralism in economics empirical econometrics economic statistics experimental economics economic history applied agriculture business cultural demographic development ecological education engineering environmental evolutionary financial geographic happiness health history information infrastructure institutions labour law management non monetary organization participation personnel planning policy public sector public choice social choice regional regulatory resources rural service transport urban welfare schools history attention mainstream heterodox american national ancient thought austrian behavioral buddhist chartalism modern monetary theory chicago classical critique of political economy democratic disequilibrium ecological evolutionary feminist freiwirtschaft georgism happiness historical humanistic institutional keynesian neo neoclassical keynesian synthesis new post circuitism malthusianism marginalism marxian neo mercantilism mixed mutualism neoclassical lausanne new classical real business cycle theory new institutional physiocracy socialist stockholm supply side thermo lists glossary economists publications journals schools category index lists outline publications business portal v t e economic history of the united states and commonwealth of nations countries commercial revolution 1000 1760 great bullion famine c 1400 c 1500 great slump 1430 1490 the great debasement 1544 1551 financial revolution 1690 1800 slump of 1706 great frost of 1709 south sea bubble 1713 1720 mississippi bubble 1717 1720 economic impact of the seven years war 1754 1763 1st industrial revolution market revolution 1760 1870 industrial revolution scotland united states wales bengal bubble of 1769 1769 1784 british credit crisis of 1772 1773 american revolutionary war inflation 1775 1783 panic of 1785 1785 1788 copper panic of 1789 panic of 1792 1789 1793 canal mania c 1790 c 1810 panic of 1796 1797 1796 1799 1802 1804 recession carolina gold rush 1802 1825 depression of 1807 1807 1810 1810s alabama real estate bubble alabama fever 1812 recession post napoleonic depression 1815 1821 1822 23 recession panic of 1825 panic of 1826 1828 29 recession georgia gold rush 1828 c 1840 1830s chicago real estate bubble 1833 34 recession panic of 1837 1836 1838 and 1839 1843 u s state defaults in the 1840s railway mania c 1840 c 1850 plank road boom 1844 c 1855 1845 46 recession panic of 1847 1847 1848 california gold rush 1848 1855 british columbia gold rushes queen charlottes gold rush 1851 fraser canyon gold rush 1858 rock creek gold rush 1859 similkameen gold rush 1860 stikine gold rush 1861 cariboo gold rush 1861 1867 wild horse creek gold rush 1863 1870 leechtown gold rush 1864 1865 big bend gold rush c 1865 omineca gold rush 1869 victorian gold rush 1851 c 1870 new south wales gold rush 1851 1880 australian gold rushes 1851 1914 1853 54 recession panic of 1857 1857 1858 pike s peak gold rush 1858 1861 pennsylvania oil rush 1859 1891 1860 61 recession colorado river mining boom 1861 1864 otago gold rush 1861 1864 u s civil war economy 1861 1865 first nova scotia gold rush 1861 1874 west coast gold rush 1864 1867 panic of 1866 1865 1867 vermilion lake gold rush 1865 1867 kildonan gold rush 1869 black friday 1869 1870 gilded age 2nd industrial revolution 1870 1914 coromandel gold rushes c 1870 c 1890 cassiar gold rush c 1870 c 1890 long depression 1873 1879 panic of 1873 black hills gold rush 1874 1880 colorado silver boom 1879 1893 western australian gold rushes c 1880 c 1900 indiana gas boom c 1880 1903 ohio oil rush c 1880 c 1930 depression of 1882 1885 panic of 1884 cayoosh gold rush 1884 witwatersrand gold rush 1886 1887 88 recession baring crisis 1890 1891 cripple creek gold rush c 1890 c 1910 panic of 1893 1893 1897 australian banking crisis of 1893 black monday 1894 panic of 1896 klondike gold rush 1896 1899 second nova scotia gold rush 1896 1903 kobuk river stampede 1897 1899 mount baker gold rush 1897 c 1925 1899 1900 recession nome gold rush 1899 1909 fairbanks gold rush c 1900 c 1930 texas oil boom 1901 c 1950 panic of 1901 1902 1904 cobalt silver rush 1903 c 1930 panic of 1907 1907 1908 porcupine gold rush 1909 c 1960 panic of 1910 11 1910 1912 financial crisis of 1914 1913 14 world war home fronts interwar period 1914 1945 world war i economy and home fronts australia canada united kingdom united states post world war i recession 1918 1919 recession of 1920 1921 1920s florida land boom c 1920 1925 roaring twenties 1923 1924 recession 1926 1927 recession great depression 1929 1939 wall street crash of 1929 panic of 1930 great contraction 1929 1933 recession of 1937 1938 australia canada india south africa united kingdom united states 1930s kakamega gold rush third nova scotia gold rush 1932 1942 world war ii home front australia canada united kingdom united states post wwii expansion 1970s stagflation 1945 1982 great compression 1945 recession recession of 1949 1948 1949 hong kong and singapore asian tiger expansions 1950 1990 1951 canada recession recession of 1953 1953 1954 recession of 1958 1957 1958 recession of 1960 1961 kennedy slide of 1962 poseidon bubble 1969 1970 recession of 1969 1970 1970s commodities boom 1973 1975 recession 1973 1974 stock market crash secondary banking crisis of 1973 1975 1970s energy crisis 1973 1980 1973 oil crisis 1979 oil crisis steel crisis 1973 1982 1976 sterling crisis silver thursday 1980 early 1980s recession 1980 1982 united states computer age second gilded age 1982 present great moderation 1982 2007 1980s oil glut black saturday 1983 new zealand property bubble c 1985 savings and loan crisis 1986 1995 black monday 1987 friday the 13th mini crash 1989 early 1990s recession 1990 1991 australia united states 1990 oil price ...