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Text of the page (random words):
hern iran 2 it has long been an enigma for scholars due to the scarcity of resources for its research and the irregularities found in the language 2 it seems to have no relation to its neighboring semitic and indo european languages 3 scholars fiercely argue over several hypotheses about its origin but have no definite theory elamite cuneiform comes in two variants the first derived from akkadian was used during the 3rd to 2nd millennia bce and a simplified form was used during the 1st millennium bce 2 the main difference between the two variants is the reduction of glyphs used in the simplified version 4 at any one time there would only be around 130 cuneiform signs in use throughout the script s history only 206 different signs were used in total archaeological sources edit first document in elamite cuneiform 2250 bce edit probable treaty of alliance between naram sin and khita of susa king of awan elamite cuneiforms c 2250 susa louvre museum 5 6 the earliest text using elamite cuneiform an adaptation of akkadian cuneiform is a treaty between the akkadian naram sin and the elamite khita that dates back to 2250 bce 2 the treaty enumerates the kings of elam as guarantors of the agreement and states 6 the enemy of naram sin is my enemy the friend of naram sin is my friend akkadian elamite treaty of 2250 bce 6 however some believe that elamite cuneiform might have been in use since 2500 bce 4 the tablets are poorly preserved so only limited parts can be read but it is understood that the text is a treaty between the akkad king nāramsîn and elamite ruler hita as indicated by frequent references like nāramsîn s friend is my friend nāramsîn s enemy is my enemy 2 persepolis administrative archives edit main article persepolis administrative archives in 1933 34 33 000 elamite cuneiform tablets were found as part of the persepolis administrative archives 7 the archives are the most important primary source for an understanding of the internal workings of the achaemenid empire other achaemenid inscriptions edit the most famous elamite writings and the ones that ultimately led to its decipherment are the ones found in the trilingual inscriptions of monuments commissioned by the achaemenid persian kings the achaemenid royal inscriptions 8 the inscriptions like the rosetta stone s were written in three different writing systems the first was old persian which was deciphered in 1802 by georg friedrich grotefend the second babylonian cuneiform was deciphered shortly after the old persian text because elamite is unlike its neighboring semitic languages the script s decipherment was delayed until the 1840s even today lack of sources and comparative materials hinder further research of elamite 2 inventory edit elamite radically reduced the number of cuneiform glyphs from the entire history of the script only 206 glyphs are used at any one time the number was fairly constant at about 130 in the earliest tablets the script is almost entirely syllabic with almost all common old akkadian syllabic glyphs with c v and vc values being adopted over time the number of syllabic glyphs is reduced while the number of logograms increases about 40 cvc glyphs are also occasionally used but they appear to have been used for the consonants and ignored the vocalic value several determinatives are also used 4 elamite cv and vc syllabic glyphs monumental achaemenid inscriptions 5th century bce ca ce ci cu ac ec ic uc p b 𒉺 pa 𒁀 ba 𒁁 be 𒉿 pe pi 𒁍 pu 𒀊 ap 𒅁 ip 𒌈 íp 𒌒 up k g 𒋡 ka 4 𒆠 ke ki 𒄀 ge gi 𒆪 ku 𒀝 ak 𒅅 ik 𒊌 uk t d 𒆪 da 𒋼 te 𒋾 ti 𒌅 tu 𒌈 tu 4 𒁺 du 𒀜 at 𒌓 ut š 𒐼 šá 𒊮 šà 𒊺 še 𒅆 ši 𒋗 šu 𒀾 aš 𒆜 iš uš s z č 𒊓 sa 𒍝 ca 𒋛 se si 𒍢 ce ci 𒋢 su 𒊍 as ac 𒄑 is ic y 𒅀 ya l 𒆷 la 𒇷 le li 𒇻 lu 𒌌 ul m 𒈠 ma 𒈨 me 𒈪 mi 𒈬 mu 𒄠 am 𒌝 um n 𒈾 na 𒉌 ne ni 𒉡 nu 𒀭 an 𒂗 en 𒅔 in 𒌦 un r 𒊏 ra 𒊑 re ri 𒊒 ru 𒅕 ir 𒌨 ur h 0 𒄩 ha 𒀀 a 𒂊 e 𒄭 hi 𒄿 i 𒄷 hu 𒌋 u 𒌑 ú 𒄴 ah glyphs in parentheses in the table are not common the script distinguished the four vowels of akkadian and 15 consonants p b k g t d š s z y l m n r and h the akkadian voiced pairs p b k g and t d may not have been distinct in elamite the series transcribed z may have been an affricate such as č or c ts hv was not always distinguished from simple vowels suggesting that h may have been dropping out of the language the vc glyphs are often used for a syllable coda without any regard to the value of v suggesting that they were in fact alphabetic c signs 4 much of the conflation of ce and ci and also ec and ic is inherited from akkadian pe pi bi ke ki ge gi se si ze zi le li re ri and ḫe ḫi that is only ne ni are distinguished in akkadian but not elamite of the vc syllables only eš iš uš in addition 𒄴 is aḫ eḫ iḫ uḫ in akkadian and so effectively is a coda consonant even there sumerograms edit below is a partial list of elamite sumerograms 2 9 ban 𒌉 dilbad dingir 𒀭 dub 𒁾 gal 𒃲 geshtin 𒃾 gud 𒄞 gul 𒄢 itu itu tanna itu tinna kam 𒄰 ku babbar 𒆬𒌓 ku gi 𒆬𒄀 kush 𒋢 kush ukku lu 𒇽 lu irra lugal 𒈗 lugal appi ni lugal appi ni kut pap 𒉽 qa 𒋡 sag 𒊕 sag appi ni she bar 𒊺𒁇 udu nita 𒇻𒀴 un 𒌦 syntax edit elamite cuneiform is similar to that of akkadian cuneiform except for a few unusual features for example the primary function of cvc glyphs was to indicate the two consonants rather than the syllable 4 thus certain words used the glyphs for tir and tar interchangeably and the vowel was ignored occasionally the vowel is acknowledged such that tir will be used in the context ti rv thus ti ra might be written with the glyphs for tir and a or ti and ra elamite cuneiform allows for a lot of freedom when constructing syllables for example cvc syllables are sometimes represented by using a cv and vc glyph the vowel in the second glyph is irrelevant so sa ad and sa ud are equivalent additionally vcv syllable sequences are represented by combining v and cv glyphs or vc and cv glyphs that have a common consonant thus ap pa and a pa are equivalent this also happens in sumerian and akkadian see also edit asia portal proto elamite linear elamite cuneiform unicode block notes edit gaspa salvatore elamite mnamon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 khačikjan 1998 starostin george 2002 1 2 3 4 5 peter daniels and william bright 1996 hansen donald p 2002 leaving no stones unturned essays on the ancient near east and egypt in honor of donald p hansen eisenbrauns p 233 isbn 978 1 57506 055 2 1 2 3 site officiel du musée du louvre cartelfr louvre fr vollmers gloria l accounting and control in the persepolis fortification tablets the accounting historians journal vol 36 no 2 2009 pp 93 111 reiner erica 2005 sumerian list references edit reiner erica 2005 elamite international encyclopedia of linguistics ed william j frawley oxford university press oxford reference online accessed 5 november 2008 khačikjan margaret 1998 the elamite language documenta asiana iv consiglio nazionale delle ricerche istituto per gli studi micenei ed egeo anatolici isbn 88 87345 01 5 peter t daniels and william bright 1996 the world s writing systems published by oxford university press isbn 0 19 507993 0 george s starostin on the genetic affiliation of the elamite language originally in mother tongue v vii 2002 pp 147 170 external links edit elamite bricks from the museum of hotel sandelin france saint omer pauline leroy 2020 a new edition of the elamite version of the behistun inscription i saber amiri parian 2017 a new edition of the elamite version of the behistun inscription ii saber amiri parian 2020 v t e types of writing systems overview history of writing grapheme lists writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed languages by writing system by first written accounts types abjads numerals aramaic hatran arabic elifba egyptian hieroglyphs elymaic hebrew ashuri cursive rashi solitreo tifinagh mandaic manichaean nabataean ancient north arabian paleo hebrew pahlavi book inscriptional inscriptional parthian psalter pegon phoenician pitman shorthand proto sinaitic punic samaritan south arabian zabur musnad sogdian syriac ʾesṭrangēlā serṭā maḏnḥāyā teeline shorthand ugaritic abugidas brahmic northern bengali assamese bhaiksuki brahmi script devanagari dogri gujarati gupta gurmukhi kaithi kalinga khema khojki khudabadi laṇḍā lepcha mahajani marchen meitei modi multani nagari nandinagari nepalese scripts bhujimol golmol himmol kummol kvemmol kurukh pachumol newar ranjana tamyig tirhuta limbu litumol odia karani ʼphags pa sharada siddhaṃ soyombo sylheti nagri takri tibetan uchen umê tocharian zanabazar square southern ahom balinese batak baybayin bhattiprolu buda buhid chakma cham fakkham grantha goykanadi hanunoo javanese kadamba kannada karen kawi khmer khom thai kulitan lanna langdi lao leke lontara bilang bilang makasar malayalam old maldivian dhives akuru eveyla akuru mon burmese pallava pyu saurashtra shan sinhala sukhothai sundanese old sundanese tagbanwa tai le new tai lue tai noi tai tham tai viet lai tay tamil tamil brahmi tanchangya telugu thai tigalari ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai vatteluttu kolezhuthu malayanma others bharati boyd s syllabic shorthand canadian syllabics blackfoot déné syllabics dham fox i geʽez gunjala gondi japanese braille sarati jenticha kharosthi mandombe masaram gondi meroitic miao mwangwego pahawh hmong sorang sompeng tengwar thaana thomas natural shorthand warang citi rma alphabets linear adlam ariyaka armenian avestan pazend avoiuli bassa vah carian caucasian albanian cirth coelbren coorgi cox alphabet coptic cyrillic serbian early deseret duployan shorthand chinook eclectic shorthand elbasan enochian etruscan formosan fox ii franklin s phonetic fraser gabelsberger shorthand gadabuursi garay alphabet georgian asomtavruli nuskhuri mkhedruli veso bey glagolitic gothic gregg shorthand greek archaic greco iberian alphabet hangul hanifi hurûf ı munfasıla sunuwar kaddare kayah li klingon latin beneventan blackletter carolingian minuscule fraktur gaelic insular ipa kurrent merovingian sigla sütterlin tironian notes visigothic luo lycian lydian manchu medefaidrin mru mundari bani n ko ogham ol chiki old italic old permic orkhon yenisei old hungarian old uyghur mongolian evenki galik alphabet manchu oirat vagindra ol onal osage osmanya pau cin hau phrygian pisidian runic anglo saxon cipher dalecarlian elder futhark younger futhark gothic marcomannic medieval staveless shavian sidetic sorang sompeng sunuwar tifinagh todhri tolong siki vellara visible speech vithkuqi wancho warang citi yezidi zaghawa non linear braille flag semaphore maritime flags moon type new york point fingerspelling telegraph code ideograms adinkra aztec blissymbols dongba ersu shaba emoji isotype kaidā miꞌkmaw mixtec new epoch notation painting nsibidi anishinaabewibii iganan olmec siglas poveiras testerian yerkish zapotec logograms chinese family of scripts chinese characters simplified traditional oracle bone script bronze scripts seal script large small bird worm hanja kanji chữ nôm sawndip bowen chinese influenced jurchen khitan large script sui tangut cuneiform akkadian assyrian elamite hittite luwian sumerian other logosyllabic anatolian bagam cretan isthmian maya proto elamite tenevil wiigwaasabak yi classical logoconsonantal demotic hieratic hieroglyphs numerals hindu arabic abjad attic greek muisca roman other sitelen pona semi syllabaries full linear elamite celtiberian iberian northeastern southeastern khom dunging redundant espanca script pahawh hmong khitan small script southwest paleohispanic bopomofo quốc âm tân tự sign languages aslwrite signwriting si5s stokoe notation syllabaries afaka bamum bété byblos canadian aboriginal cherokee cypriot cypro minoan ditema tsa dinoko eskayan geba great lakes algonquian iban idu kana hiragana katakana man yōgana hentaigana sōgana jindai moji kikakui kpelle linear b linear elamite lisu loma nüshu nwagu aneke script old persian cuneiform sumerian vai woleai yi yugtun v t e braille braille cell 1829 braille international uniformity ascii braille unicode braille patterns braille scripts french ordered albanian cantonese catalan chinese mainland mandarin largely reassigned czech dutch 6 dot 8 dot english unified english esperanto french german ghanaian guarani hawaiian hungarian iñupiaq ipa irish italian latvian lithuanian luxembourgish extended to 8 dot maltese māori navajo nigerian philippine polish portuguese romanian samoan slovak south african spanish taiwanese mandarin largely reassigned turkish azerbaijani vietnamese welsh yugoslav zambian nordic family estonian faroese icelandic scandinavian danish finnish greenlandic northern sámi norwegian swedish russian lineage family i e cyrillic mediated scripts belarusian bulgarian kazakh kyrgyz mongolian russian tatar ukrainian egyptian lineage family i e arabic mediated scripts arabic persian urdu pakistan indian lineage family i e bharati braille devanagari hindi marathi nepali bengali bangla assamese gujarati kannada malayalam odia punjabi sinhala tamil telugu urdu india other scripts amharic armenian burmese dzongkha bhutanese georgian greek hebrew inuktitut reassigned vowels khmer thai and lao japanese vowels tibetan reordered algerian braille obsolete frequency based american braille obsolete independent chinese semi syllabaries cantonese mainland chinese mandarin taiwanese mandarin two cell chinese shuangpin japanese korean eight dot dutch luxembourgish kanji gardner salinas braille codes gs8 symbols in braille braille music canadian currency marks computer braille code gardner salinas braille codes science gs8 gs6 international phonetic alphabet ipa nemeth braille code braille technology braille e book braille embosser braille translator braille watch mountbatten brailler optical braille recognition perforation perkins brailler refreshable braille display slate and stylus braigo people louis braille charles barbier róża czacka valentin haüy harris mowbray thakur vishva narain singh maría del carmen ortiz de arce sabriye tenberken william bell wait organisations braille institute of america braille without borders japan braille library national braille association blindness organizations schools for the blind american printing house for the blind other tactile alphabets decapoint moon type new york point night writing vibratese related topics accessible publishing braille literacy robobraille retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title elamite_cuneiform oldid 1375120570 categories elamite language old persian language obsolete writing systems cuneiform persian scripts logographic writing systems hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata pages with plain ipa this page was last edited on 15 september 2026 at 23 54 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a 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