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electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 explanation toggle explanation subsection 1 1 resonance 2 load impedance and amplifiers toggle load impedance and amplifiers subsection 2 1 minimum impedance 2 2 nominal impedance 2 3 impedance phase angle 2 4 damping issues 3 see also 4 references 5 further reading 6 external links toggle the table of contents electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers 2 languages català српски srpski edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia this article has multiple issues please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page learn how and when to remove these messages this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers news newspapers books scholar jstor february 2017 learn how and when to remove this message this article relies on a single source please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers news newspapers books scholar jstor november 2020 learn how and when to remove this message learn how and when to remove this message the chief electrical characteristic of a dynamic loudspeaker s driver is its electrical impedance as a function of frequency it can be visualized by plotting it as a graph called the impedance curve explanation edit the most common driver type is an electro mechanical transducer using a voice coil rigidly connected to a diaphragm generally a cone other types have similar connections though differing in detail between their acoustical environment and their electrical properties the voice coil in moving coil drivers is suspended in a magnetic field provided by the loudspeaker magnet structure as electric current flows through the voice coil from an electronic amplifier the magnetic field created by the coil reacts against the magnet s fixed field and moves the voice coil and so the cone alternating current will move the cone back and forth mathematical models and their equivalent electrical circuits can provide a quantitative description of the effects described below 1 resonance edit the moving system of the loudspeaker consisting of the cone cone suspension spider and voice coil can be modeled as an effective mass spring mass system a mass suspended by a spring this system has a characteristic mass and stiffness and a resonant frequency at which the system will vibrate freely this frequency is known as the free space resonance of the loudspeaker and is designated by f s at this frequency the voice coil is vibrating in the speaker s magnetic field with maximum peak to peak amplitude and velocity the back emf generated by this movement is also at its maximum the electrical impedance of the speaker varies with the back emf and thus with the applied frequency the impedance is at its maximum at f s shown as z max in the graph for frequencies just below resonance the impedance rises rapidly as the frequency increases towards f s and is inductive in nature at resonance the impedance is purely resistive as the frequency increases above f s the impedance drops it behaves capacitively the impedance reaches a minimum value z min at some frequency where the behaviour is fairly resistive over some range a speaker s rated or nominal impedance z nom is derived from this z min value explained ahead beyond the z min point the impedance is again largely inductive and continues to rise gradually with frequency the frequency f s and the frequencies above and below it where the impedance is 1 2 z max are important in determining the loudspeaker s t s parameters these can be used for example to design a suitable enclosure for the driver especially for low frequency drivers in fact f s is itself one of the thiele small parameters load impedance and amplifiers edit the variation in loudspeaker impedance is a consideration in audio amplifier design among other things amplifiers designed to cope with such variations are more reliable there are two main factors to consider when matching a speaker to an amplifier minimum impedance edit this is the minimum value in the impedance vs frequency relationship which is always higher than the dc resistance of the voice coil i e as measured by an ohmmeter minimum impedance is significant because the lower the impedance the higher the current must be at the same drive voltage the output devices of an amplifier are rated for a certain maximum current level and when this is exceeded the device s sometimes more or less promptly fail nominal impedance edit diagram showing the variation in impedance of a typical mid range loudspeaker nominal impedance is usually determined at the lowest point after resonance however it is possible for the low frequency impedance to be still lower than this 2 due to the reactive nature of a speaker s impedance over the audio band frequencies giving a speaker a single value for impedance rating is in principle impossible as one may surmise from the impedance vs frequency curve shown the nominal impedance of a loudspeaker is a convenient single number reference that loosely describes the impedance value of the loudspeaker over a majority of the audio band a speaker s nominal impedance is defined as z n o m 1 15 z m i n displaystyle z_ mathrm nom 1 15 cdot z_ mathrm min the graph shows the impedance curve of a single loudspeaker driver in free air unmounted in any type of enclosure a home hi fi loudspeaker system typically consists of two or more drivers an electrical crossover network to divide the signal by frequency band and route them appropriately to the drivers and an enclosure that all these components are mounted in the impedance curve of such a system can be very complex and the simple formula above does not as easily apply the nominal impedance rating of consumer loudspeakers systems can aid in choosing the correct loudspeaker for a given amplifier or vice versa if a home hi fi amplifier specifies 8 ohm or greater loads care should be taken that loudspeakers with a lower impedance are not used lest the amplifier be required to produce more current than it was designed to handle using a 4 ohm loudspeaker system on an amplifier specifying 8 ohms or greater could lead to amplifier failure impedance phase angle edit impedance variations of the load with frequency translate into variation in the phase relationship between the amplifier s voltage and current outputs for a resistive load usually but not always the voltage across the amplifier s output devices is maximum when the load current is minimum and the voltage is minimum across the load and vice versa and as a result the power dissipation in those devices is least but due to the complex and variable nature of the driver crossover load and its effect on the phase relationship between the voltage and current the current will not necessarily be at its minimum when the voltage across the output devices is maximum this results in increased power dissipation in the amplifier output stage which manifests as heating in the output devices the phase angle varies most near resonance in moving coil loudspeakers if this point is not taken into consideration during the amplifier design the amplifier may overheat causing it to shut down or cause failure of the output devices see power factor for more detail damping issues edit a loudspeaker acts as a generator when a coil is moving in a magnetic field when the loudspeaker coil moves in response to a signal from the amplifier the coil generates a back emf that resists the amplifier signal and resists the coil movement the braking effect is critical to speaker design in that designers leverage it to ensure the speaker stops making sound quickly and that the coil is in position to reproduce the next sound the electrical signal generated by the coil travels back along the speaker cable to the amplifier well designed amplifiers have low output impedance so that this generated signal has minimal effect on the amplifier characteristically solid state amplifiers have had much lower output impedances than tube amplifiers so much so that differences in practice between a 16 ohm nominal impedance driver and a 4 ohm nominal impedance driver have not been important enough to adjust for the amplifier damping factor which is the ratio of the nominal load impedance driver voice coil to amplifier output impedance is adequate in either case for well designed solid state amplifiers tube amplifiers have sufficiently higher output impedances that they normally included multi tap output transformers to better match to the driver impedance sixteen ohm drivers or loudspeakers systems would be connected to the 16 ohm tap 8 ohm to the 8 ohm tap etc this is significant since the ratio between the loudspeaker impedance and the amplifier s impedance at a particular frequency provides damping i e energy absorption for the back emf generated by a driver in practice this is important to prevent ringing or overhang which is essentially a free vibration of the moving structures in a driver when it is excited i e driven with a signal at that frequency this can be clearly seen in waterfall measurement plots a properly adjusted damping factor can control this free vibration of the moving structures and improve the sound of the driver see also edit thiele small parameters references edit bart n locanthi 1952 application of electric circuit analogies to loudspeaker design problems pdf ire trans audio 6 15 davis jones p 205 further reading edit designing building and testing your own speaker system with projects by david b weems mcgraw hill tab electronics isbn 0 07 069429 x loudspeakers dynamic magnetic structures and impedance eia rs 299 a standard external links edit article about effect of speaker impedance on amplifiers archived 2017 07 11 at the wayback machine essay on variations in loudspeaker impedance explanation of loudspeaker impedance retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title electrical_characteristics_of_dynamic_loudspeakers oldid 1374937238 category loudspeaker technology hidden categories articles with short description short description with empty wikidata description articles needing additional references from february 2017 all articles needing additional references articles needing additional references from november 2020 articles with multiple maintenance issues webarchive template wayback links this page was last edited on 14 september 2026 at 23 13 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers 2 languages add topic