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electrical network wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 classification toggle classification subsection 1 1 by passivity 1 2 by linearity 1 3 by lumpiness 2 classification of sources toggle classification of sources subsection 2 1 independent 2 2 dependent 3 applying electrical laws 4 design methods 5 network simulation software toggle network simulation software subsection 5 1 linearization around operating point 5 2 piecewise linear approximation 6 see also toggle see also subsection 6 1 representation 6 2 design and analysis methodologies 6 3 measurement 6 4 analogies 6 5 specific topologies 7 references toggle the table of contents electrical network 81 languages afrikaans አማርኛ العربية asturianu беларуская български বাংলা bosanski català کوردی čeština чӑвашла deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français gaeilge kriyòl gwiyannen galego hausa עברית हिन्दी hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 karai karai ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 latina lietuvių latviešu मगही malagasy minangkabau македонски മലയാളം монгол bahasa melayu नेपाली nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan polski português runa simi română русский русиньскый سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska தமிழ் тоҷикӣ ไทย türkmençe tagalog türkçe ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt wolof 吴语 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia assemblage of connected electrical elements for electrical power transmission grids and distribution networks see electrical grid this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources electrical network news newspapers books scholar jstor march 2016 learn how and when to remove this message electromagnetism electricity magnetism optics history computational textbooks phenomena electrostatics electric charge charge density coulomb s law electric field electric flux gauss s law electric potential potential energy conductor electret electric dipole electrostatic discharge electrostatic induction insulator permittivity polarization static electricity triboelectricity magnetostatics magnetic field ampère s law ampère s force law biot savart law gauss s law for magnetism magnetic dipole magnetic flux magnetic scalar potential magnetic vector potential magnetization permeability right hand rule electrodynamics maxwell s equations displacement current electromagnetic field lorentz force helmholtz theorem retarded potentials liénard wiechert potential jefimenko s equations radiation cyclotron radiation faraday s law eddy current induction lenz s law electromagnetic mass abraham lorentz force larmor formula poynting s theorem maxwell tensor electrical network alternating current capacitance current density direct current electric current electric power electrolysis electromotive force impedance inductance joule heating kirchhoff s laws network analysis ohm s law parallel circuit resistance resonant cavities series circuit voltage watt waveguides london equations magnetic circuit ac motor dc motor electric machine electric motor gyrator capacitor induction motor linear motor magnetomotive force permeance reluctance complex reluctance real rotor stator transformer covariant formulation electromagnetic tensor electromagnetism and special relativity four current four potential mathematical descriptions maxwell equations in curved spacetime relativistic electromagnetism stress energy tensor synchrotron radiation bremsstrahlung scientists ampère arago biot coulomb davy einstein faraday fitzgerald fizeau franklin galvani gauss gibbs gilbert green heaviside helmholtz henry hertz hopkinson joule kelvin kirchhoff larmor lenz liénard lorentz maxwell neumann ohm ørsted poisson poynting ritchie savart singer steinmetz tesla thomson volta weber wiechert v t e a simple electric circuit made up of a voltage source and a resistor here v i r displaystyle v ir according to ohm s law an electrical network is an interconnection of electrical components e g batteries resistors inductors capacitors switches transistors or a model of such an interconnection consisting of electrical elements e g voltage sources current sources resistances inductances capacitances an electrical circuit is a network consisting of a closed loop giving a return path for the current thus all circuits are networks but not all networks are circuits although networks without a closed loop are often referred to as open circuits a resistive network is a network containing only resistors and ideal current and voltage sources analysis of resistive networks is less complicated than analysis of networks containing capacitors and inductors if the sources are constant dc sources the result is a dc network the effective resistance and current distribution properties of arbitrary resistor networks can be modeled in terms of their graph measures and geometrical properties 1 a network that contains active electronic components is known as an electronic circuit such networks are generally nonlinear and require more complex design and analysis tools classification edit by passivity edit an active network contains at least one voltage source or current source that can supply energy to the network indefinitely a passive network does not contain an active source an active network contains one or more sources of electromotive force practical examples of such sources include a battery or a generator active elements can inject power to the circuit provide power gain and control the current flow within the circuit passive networks do not contain any sources of electromotive force they consist of passive elements like resistors and capacitors by linearity edit linear electrical networks a special type consisting only of sources voltage or current linear lumped elements resistors capacitors inductors and linear distributed elements transmission lines have the property that signals are linearly superimposable they are thus more easily analyzed using powerful frequency domain methods such as laplace transforms to determine dc response ac response and transient response passive networks are generally taken to be linear but there are exceptions for instance an inductor with an iron core can be driven into saturation if driven with a large enough current in this region the behaviour of the inductor is very non linear by lumpiness edit discrete passive components resistors capacitors and inductors are called lumped elements because all of their respectively resistance capacitance and inductance is assumed to be located lumped at one place this design philosophy is called the lumped element model and networks so designed are called lumped element circuits this is the conventional approach to circuit design at high enough frequencies or for long enough circuits such as power transmission lines the lumped assumption no longer holds because there is a significant fraction of a wavelength across the component dimensions a new design model called the distributed element model is needed for such cases networks designed to this model are called distributed element circuits a distributed element circuit that includes some lumped components is called a semi lumped design an example of a semi lumped circuit is the combline filter classification of sources edit sources can be classified as independent sources and dependent sources independent edit an ideal independent source maintains the same voltage or current regardless of the other elements present in the circuit its value is either constant dc or sinusoidal ac the strength of voltage or current is not changed by any variation in the connected network dependent edit dependent sources depend upon a particular element of the circuit for delivering the power or voltage or current depending upon the type of source it is applying electrical laws edit a number of electrical laws apply to all linear resistive networks these include kirchhoff s current law the sum of all currents entering a node is equal to the sum of all currents leaving the node kirchhoff s voltage law the directed sum of the electrical potential differences around a loop must be zero ohm s law the voltage across a resistor is equal to the product of the resistance and the current flowing through it norton s theorem any network of voltage or current sources and resistors is electrically equivalent to an ideal current source in parallel with a single resistor thévenin s theorem any network of voltage or current sources and resistors is electrically equivalent to a single voltage source in series with a single resistor superposition theorem in a linear network with several independent sources the response in a particular branch when all the sources are acting simultaneously is equal to the linear sum of individual responses calculated by taking one independent source at a time applying these laws results in a set of simultaneous equations that can be solved either algebraically or numerically the laws can generally be extended to networks containing reactances they cannot be used in networks that contain nonlinear or time varying components design methods edit linear network analysis elements components series and parallel circuits impedance transforms generator theorems network theorems network analysis methods two port parameters view talk edit see also network analysis electrical circuits to design any electrical circuit either analog or digital electrical engineers need to be able to predict the voltages and currents at all places within the circuit simple linear circuits can be analyzed by hand using complex number theory in more complex cases the circuit may be analyzed with specialized computer programs or estimation techniques such as the piecewise linear model circuit simulation software such as hspice an analog circuit simulator 2 and languages such as vhdl ams and verilog ams allow engineers to design circuits without the time cost and risk of error involved in building circuit prototypes network simulation software edit main article list of free electronics circuit simulators more complex circuits can be analyzed numerically with software such as spice or gnucap or symbolically using software such as sapwin linearization around operating point edit when faced with a new circuit the software first tries to find a steady state solution that is one where all nodes conform to kirchhoff s current law and the voltages across and through each element of the circuit conform to the voltage current equations governing that element once the steady state solution is found the operating points of each element in the circuit are known for a small signal analysis every non linear element can be linearized around its operation point to obtain the small signal estimate of the voltages and currents this is an application of ohm s law the resulting linear circuit matrix can be solved with gaussian elimination piecewise linear approximation edit software such as the plecs interface to simulink uses piecewise linear approximation of the equations governing the elements of a circuit the circuit is treated as a completely linear network of ideal diodes every time a diode switches from on to off or vice versa the configuration of the linear network changes adding more detail to the approximation of equations increases the accuracy of the simulation but also increases its running time see also edit wikimedia commons has media related to electrical circuits look up electrical circuit in wiktionary the free dictionary digital circuit ground electricity impedance load memristor open circuit voltage short circuit voltage drop representation edit circuit diagram schematic netlist design and analysis methodologies edit network analysis electrical circuits mathematical methods in electronics superposition theorem topology electronics mesh analysis prototype filter measurement edit network analyzer electrical network analyzer ac power continuity test analogies edit hydraulic analogy mechanical electrical analogies impedance analogy maxwell analogy mobility analogy firestone analogy through and across analogy trent analogy specific topologies edit bridge circuit lc circuit rc circuit rl circuit rlc circuit potential divider series and parallel circuits references edit kumar ankush vidhyadhiraja n s kulkarni g u 2017 current distribution in conducting nanowire networks journal of applied physics 122 4 045101 bibcode 2017jap 122d5101k doi 10 1063 1 4985792 hspice pdf hspice stanford university electrical engineering department 1999 portal electronics authority control databases international gnd national japan czech republic retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title electrical_network oldid 1356851024 categories electricity electrical engineering hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from march 2016 all articles needing additional references commons category link is on wikidata this page was last edited on 30 may 2026 at 05 48 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents electrical network 81 languages add topic