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artial law war crime war and genocide war treason warlord theory air supremacy appeasement command of the sea deterrence theory full spectrum dominance overmatch just war theory principles of war philosophy of war security dilemma tripwire force wargaming simulation exercises combat effectiveness center of gravity non warfare arms control counterinsurgency deterrence disaster response gray zone gunboat diplomacy humanitarian aid law enforcement low intensity conflict military engineering peacekeeping peacebuilding peace through strength show of force culture awards and decorations battle cry warrior war film military science fiction war novel anti war movement foot drill war song psychology uniform wargame militarization militarism antimilitarism camp follower related women in war war resister war studies horses in warfare wartime sexual violence fifth column mercenary pacifism privateer private military company soldiers are murderers category v t e electronic warfare or electromagnetic warfare 1 ew is warfare involving the use of the electromagnetic spectrum em spectrum or directed energy to control the spectrum attack an enemy or impede enemy operations the purpose of electromagnetic warfare is to deny the opponent the advantage of and ensure friendly unimpeded access to the em spectrum electromagnetic warfare can be applied from air sea land or space by crewed and uncrewed systems and can target communication radar or other military and civilian assets 2 3 the electromagnetic environment edit military operations are executed in an information environment increasingly complicated by the electromagnetic spectrum the electromagnetic spectrum portion of the information environment is referred to as the electromagnetic environment eme the recognized need for military forces to have unimpeded access to and use of the electromagnetic environment creates vulnerabilities and opportunities for electronic warfare in support of military operations 2 within the information operations construct ew is an element of information warfare more specifically it is an element of offensive and defensive counterinformation 4 nato has a different and arguably citation needed more encompassing and comprehensive approach to ew 5 a military committee conceptual document from 2007 mcm_0142 nov 2007 military committee transformation concept for future nato electronic warfare citation needed recognised the eme as an operational maneuver space and warfighting environment domain in nato ew is considered to be warfare in the eme nato has adopted simplified language which parallels those used in other warfighting environments like maritime land and air space for example an electronic attack ea is offensive use of em energy electronic defense ed and electronic surveillance es the use of the traditional nato ew terms electronic countermeasures ecm electronic protective measures epm and electronic support measures esm has been retained as they contribute to and support electronic attack ea electronic defense ed and electronic surveillance es besides ew other em operations include intelligence surveillance target acquisition and reconnaissance istar and signals intelligence sigint subsequently nato has issued ew policy and doctrine and is addressing the other nato defense lines of development primary ew activities have been developed over time to exploit the opportunities and vulnerabilities that are inherent in the physics of em energy activities used in ew include electro optical infrared and radio frequency countermeasures em compatibility and deception radio jamming radar jamming and deception and electronic counter countermeasures or anti jamming electronic masking probing reconnaissance and intelligence electronic security ew reprogramming emission control spectrum management and wartime reserve modes 2 4 in modern high intensity warfare these activities are routinely applied to disrupt unmanned aerial vehicle uav communications spoof satellite navigation and mask front line equipment from electronic detection 6 subdivisions edit electronic warfare consists of three major subdivisions electronic attack ea electronic protection ep and electronic warfare support es 2 7 electronic attack edit krasukha a russian mobile ground based electronic warfare ew system used to jam awacs and airborne radars on radar guided missiles main article electronic countermeasure electronic attack ea also known as electronic countermeasures ecm involves the offensive use of electromagnetic energy weapons directed energy weapons or anti radiation weapons to attack personnel facilities or equipment with the intent of degrading neutralizing or destroying enemy combat capability including human life in the case of electromagnetic energy this action is most commonly referred to as jamming and can be performed on communications systems or radar systems in the case of anti radiation weapons this often includes missiles or bombs that can home in on a specific signal radio or radar and follow that path directly to impact thus destroying the system broadcasting in november 2021 israel aerospace industries announced a new electronic warfare system named scorpius that can disrupt radar and communications from ships uavs and missiles simultaneously and at varying distances 8 on 8 september 2024 russian drones entered both romanian and latvian airspace romania scrambled two f 16s to monitor one of the drones which landed in an uninhabited area near periprava according to the romanian ministry of defence the drone that entered latvian airspace from belarus crashed near rezekne this comes as the isw noted increased success in ukrainian electronic warfare against russian drones that resulted in several russian shahed drones that recently failed to reach their intended targets for unknown reasons two kh 58s also reportedly failed to reach their targets 9 10 11 electronic protection edit a right front view of a usaf boeing e 4 advanced airborne command post aabncp on the electromagnetic pulse emp simulator hagii c for testing main article electronic counter countermeasure electronic protection ep also known as an electronic protective measure epm or electronic counter countermeasure eccm are a measure used to protect against an electronic enemy attack ea or to protect against friendly forces who unintentionally deploy the equivalent of an electronic attack on friendly forces sometimes called ew fratricide 12 the effectiveness of electronic protection ep level is the ability to counter an electronic attack ea flares are often used to distract infrared homing missiles into missing their target the use of flare rejection logic in the guidance seeker head of an infrared homing missile to counter an adversary s use of flares is an example of ep while defensive ea actions jamming and ep defeating jamming both protect personnel facilities capabilities and equipment ep protects from the effects of ea friendly and or adversary other examples of ep include spread spectrum technologies the use of restricted frequency lists emissions control emcon and low observability stealth technology 2 electronic warfare self protection ewsp is a suite of countermeasure systems fitted primarily to aircraft for the purpose of protecting the host from weapons fire and can include among others directional infrared countermeasures dircm flare systems and other forms of infrared countermeasures for protection against infrared missiles chaff protection against radar guided missiles and drfm decoy systems protection against radar targeted anti aircraft weapons an electronic warfare tactics range ewtr is a practice range that provides training for personnel operating in electronic warfare there are two examples of such ranges in europe one at raf spadeadam in the northwest county of cumbria england and the multinational aircrew electronic warfare tactics facility polygone range on the border between germany and france ewtrs are equipped with ground based equipment to simulate electronic warfare threats that aircrew might encounter on missions other ew training and tactics ranges are available for ground and naval forces as well antifragile ew is a step beyond standard ep occurring when a communications link being jammed actually increases in capability as a result of a jamming attack although this is only possible under certain circumstances such as reactive forms of jamming 13 electronic warfare support edit main article electronic warfare support measures raf menwith hill a large echelon site in the united kingdom and part of the uk usa security agreement electronic warfare support es is a subdivision of ew involving actions taken by an operational commander or operator to detect intercept identify locate and or localize sources of intended and unintended radiated electromagnetic em energy these electronic support measures esm aim to enable immediate threat recognition focuses on serving military service needs even in the most tactical rugged and extreme environments this is often referred to as simply reconnaissance although today more common terms are intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance isr or intelligence surveillance target acquisition and reconnaissance istar the purpose is to provide immediate recognition prioritization and targeting of threats to battlefield commanders 2 signals intelligence sigint a discipline overlapping with es is the related process of analyzing and identifying intercepted transmissions from sources such as radio communication mobile phones radar or microwave communication sigint is broken into two categories electronic intelligence elint and communications intelligence comint analysis parameters measured in signals of these categories can include frequency bandwidth modulation and polarization the distinction between sigint and es is determined by the controller of the collection assets the information provided and the intended purpose of the information electronic warfare support is conducted by assets under the operational control of a commander to provide tactical information specifically threat prioritization recognition location targeting and avoidance however the same assets and resources that are tasked with es can simultaneously collect information that meets the collection requirements for more strategic intelligence 2 history edit the earliest documented use of ew was during the second boer war of 1899 1902 the british army when trying to relieve ladysmith under siege by the boers used a searchlight to bounce morse code signals off the clouds the boers immediately spotted this and used one of their own searchlights in an attempt to jam the british signals this was graphically described by winston churchill in his book london to ladysmith via pretoria the very first military attempts at radio jamming were reportedly made during exercises by the royal navy in 1902 and by the us navy in 1903 nonetheless the first documented radio jamming was reportedly a civil one during the 1901 america s cup journalists from the american wireless telephone and telegraph co awt t used a code to report the leading ship while occupying the frequency thus preventing other present journalists from reporting the cup s winner thereby gaining a considerable lead over other journalists in their reporting 14 the first recorded wireless interception was performed by hms diana in the suez canal in 1904 which was capable of recording russian telecommunications 15 16 the first recorded attempt at wartime jamming happened during the russo japanese war of 1904 1905 on 8 march 1904 as the japanese navy was attempting a long distance bombardment of port arthur using cruisers with a spotter destroyer that radioed them ballistic corrections a russian radio operator hearing the presence of communications used his spark gap transmitter to attempt to drown out the communications allegedly leading the japanese to promptly retreat without having achieved their objectives 17 during may 1905 russian admiral zinovy rozhestvensky was attempting to cross the tsushima strait to rejoin vladivostok after having repaired some of his ships in madagascar the russian navy was spotted by the japanese armed merchantman shinano maru the captain of the russian warship ural requested permission to disrupt the japanese communications link by attempting to transmit a stronger radio signal hoping to distort the japanese signal at the receiving end rozhestvensky refused the advice and denied the ural permission to radio jam the enemy as it could have signaled the position of the russian fleet he also refused to send scouting ships for the same reason rozhestvensky for various reasons principally lack of ammo and lack of sailor training against a japanese fleet that was both better equipped and battle hardened wanted to reach vladivostok without a fight and persisted in ordering radio silence even when it became evident that the russian fleet had been spotted and that the japanese fleet was closing in while it is doubtful that jamming the japanese would have changed the outcome of the battle of tsushima that ensued this hints at the fact that radio jamming was already a standard procedure by this time as was wireless communication interception 18 19 20 21 during world war ii the allies and axis powers both extensively used ew or what winston churchill referred to as the battle of the beams as navigational radars were used to guide bombers to their targets and back to their base the first application of ew in wwii was to interfere with the navigational radars chaff was also introduced during wwii to confuse and defeat tracking radar systems as battlefield communication and radar technology improved so did electronic warfare which played a major role in several military operations during the vietnam war aircraft on bombing runs and air to air missions often relied on ew to survive the battle although many were defeated by vietnamese eccm 22 electronic warfare was used extensively during the gulf war primarily by usaf and usn electronic attack aircraft such as the ef 111a and ea 6b to disrupt iraq s large and capable sam and gci network in 2007 an israeli attack on a suspected syrian nuclear site during operation outside the box or operation orchard used electronic warfare systems to disrupt syrian air defenses while israeli jets crossed much of syria bombed their targets and returned to israel undeterred 23 24 the target was a suspected nuclear reactor under construction near the euphrates river modeled after a north korean reactor and supposedly financed with iranian assistance some reports say 24 israeli ew systems deactivated all of syria s air defense systems for the entire period of the raid citation needed in december 2010 the russian army deployed their first land based multifunctional electronic warfare system known as borisoglebsk 2 developed by sozvezdie development of the system started in 2004 and evaluation testing suc...