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ar energy 5 see also 6 references 7 external links toggle the table of contents electronvolt 80 languages afrikaans aragonés العربية asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه boarisch беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български বাংলা བོད ཡིག brezhoneg bosanski català čeština чӑвашла dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français nordfriisk gaeilge galego ગુજરાતી עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 ქართული қазақша 한국어 latina limburgs ligure lietuvių latviešu македонски मराठी bahasa melayu plattdüütsch nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan polski piemontèis پنجابی português română русский sicilianu srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska தமிழ் ไทย türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 吴语 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia unit of energy several terms redirect here for other uses see mev disambiguation kev disambiguation gev disambiguation tev disambiguation and pev disambiguation electronvolt unit system non si metric unit unit of energy symbol ev conversions 1 ev in is equal to si units 1 602 176 634 10 19 j 1 cgs units 1 602176634 10 12 erg kilowatt hours 4 450490650 10 26 kwh kilocalories thermochemical 3 829294058 10 23 kcal btus 1 518570443 10 22 btu in physics an electronvolt symbol ev also written as electron volt and electron volt is a unit of measurement equivalent to the amount of kinetic energy gained by a single electron accelerating through an electric potential difference of one volt in a vacuum when used as a unit of energy the numerical value of 1 ev expressed in unit of joules symbol j is equal to the numerical value of the charge of an electron in coulombs symbol c under the 2019 revision of the si this sets 1 ev equal to the exact value 1 602 176 634 10 19 j 1 historically the electronvolt was devised as a standard unit of measure through its usefulness in electrostatic particle accelerator sciences because a particle with electric charge q gains an energy e qv after passing through a voltage of v definition and use edit an electronvolt is the amount of energy gained or lost by a single electron when it moves through an electric potential difference of one volt hence it has a value of one volt which is 1 j c multiplied by the elementary charge e 1 602 176 634 10 19 c 2 therefore one electronvolt is equal to 1 602 176 634 10 19 j 1 the electronvolt ev is a unit of energy but is not an si unit it is a commonly used unit of energy within physics widely used in solid state atomic nuclear and particle physics and high energy astrophysics it is commonly used with si prefixes milli 10 3 kilo 10 3 mega 10 6 giga 10 9 tera 10 12 peta 10 15 exa 10 18 zetta 10 21 yotta 10 24 ronna 10 27 or quetta 10 30 the respective symbols being mev kev mev gev tev pev eev zev yev rev and qev the si unit of energy is the joule j in some older documents and in the name bevatron the symbol bev is used where the b stands for billion the symbol bev is therefore equivalent to gev though neither is an si unit relation to other physical properties and units edit quantity unit si value of unit energy ev 1 602 176 634 10 19 j 1 mass ev c 2 1 782 661 921 6279 10 36 kg momentum ev c 5 344 285 992 6783 10 28 kg m s temperature ev k b 11 604 518 121 55 k time ħ ev 6 582 119 569 5091 10 16 s distance ħ c ev 1 973 269 804 593 10 7 m in the fields of physics in which the electronvolt is used other quantities are typically measured using units derived from it products with fundamental constants of importance in the theory are often used mass edit by mass energy equivalence the electronvolt corresponds to a unit of mass it is common in particle physics where units of mass and energy are often interchanged to express mass in units of ev c 2 where c is the speed of light in vacuum from e mc 2 it is common to informally express mass in terms of ev as a unit of mass effectively using a system of natural units with c set to 1 3 the kilogram equivalent of 1 ev c 2 is 1 ev c 2 1 602 176 634 10 19 kg m 2 s 2 299 792 458 m s 2 1 782 661 92 10 36 kg displaystyle 1 text ev c 2 frac 1 602 176 634 times 10 19 text kg cdot text m 2 cdot text s 2 299 792 458 mathrm m s 2 1 782 661 92 times 10 36 text kg for example an electron and a positron each with a mass of 0 511 mev c 2 can annihilate to yield 1 022 mev of energy a proton has a mass of 0 938 gev c 2 in general the masses of all hadrons are of the order of 1 gev c 2 which makes the gev c 2 a convenient unit of mass for particle physics 4 1 gev c 2 1 782 661 92 10 27 kg the atomic mass constant m u one twelfth of the mass a carbon 12 atom is close to the mass of a proton to convert to electronvolt mass equivalent use the formula m u 1 da 931 4941 mev c 2 0 931 4941 gev c 2 momentum edit by dividing a particle s kinetic energy in electronvolts by the fundamental constant c the speed of light one can describe the particle s momentum in units of ev c 5 in natural units in which the fundamental velocity constant c is numerically 1 the c may informally be omitted to express momentum using the unit electronvolt the energy momentum relation in natural units e 2 p 2 m 0 2 displaystyle e 2 p 2 m_ 0 2 is a pythagorean equation that can be visualized as a right triangle where the total energy e displaystyle e is the hypotenuse and the momentum p displaystyle p and rest mass m 0 displaystyle m_ 0 are the two legs the energy momentum relation e 2 p 2 c 2 m 0 2 c 4 displaystyle e 2 p 2 c 2 m_ 0 2 c 4 in natural units with c 1 displaystyle c 1 e 2 p 2 m 0 2 displaystyle e 2 p 2 m_ 0 2 is a pythagorean equation when a relatively high energy is applied to a particle with relatively low rest mass it can be approximated as e p displaystyle e simeq p in high energy physics such that an applied energy with expressed in the unit ev conveniently results in a numerically approximately equivalent change of momentum when expressed with the unit ev c the dimension of momentum is t 1 l m the dimension of energy is t 2 l 2 m dividing a unit of energy such as ev by a fundamental constant such as the speed of light that has the dimension of velocity t 1 l facilitates the required conversion for using a unit of energy to quantify momentum for example if the momentum p of an electron is 1 gev c then the conversion to mks system of units can be achieved by p 1 gev c 10 9 1 602 176 634 10 19 c 1 v 2 99 792 458 10 8 m s 5 344 286 10 19 kg m s displaystyle begin aligned p 1 text gev c frac 10 9 times 1 602 176 634 times 10 19 text c times 1 text v 2 99 792 458 times 10 8 text m text s 1ex 5 344 286 times 10 19 text kg cdot text m text s end aligned distance edit in particle physics a system of natural units in which the speed of light in vacuum c and the reduced planck constant ħ are dimensionless and equal to unity is widely used c ħ 1 in these units both distances and times are expressed in inverse energy units while energy and mass are expressed in the same units see mass energy equivalence in particular particle scattering lengths are often presented using a unit of inverse particle mass outside this system of units the conversion factors between electronvolt second and nanometer are the following ℏ 1 054 571 817 646 10 34 j s 6 582 119 569 509 10 16 e v s displaystyle hbar 1 054 571 817 646 times 10 34 mathrm j cdot s 6 582 119 569 509 times 10 16 mathrm ev cdot s the above relations also allow expressing the mean lifetime τ of an unstable particle in seconds in terms of its decay width γ in ev via γ ħ τ for example the b 0 meson has a lifetime of 1 530 9 picoseconds mean decay length is cτ 459 7 μm or a decay width of 4 302 25 10 4 ev conversely the tiny meson mass differences responsible for meson oscillations are often expressed in the more convenient inverse picoseconds energy in electronvolts is sometimes expressed through the wavelength of light with photons of the same energy 1 ev h c 1 602 176 634 10 19 j 6 62 607 015 10 34 j s 2 99 792 458 10 11 mm s 806 55439 mm 1 displaystyle frac 1 text ev hc frac 1 602 176 634 times 10 19 text j 6 62 607 015 times 10 34 text j cdot text s times 2 99 792 458 times 10 11 text mm text s thickapprox 806 55439 text mm 1 temperature edit in certain fields such as plasma physics it is convenient to use the electronvolt to express temperature the electronvolt is divided by the boltzmann constant to convert to the kelvin scale 1 e v k b 1 602 176 634 10 19 j 1 380 649 10 23 j k 11 604 518 12 k displaystyle 1 mathrm ev k_ text b 1 602 176 634 times 10 19 text j over 1 380 649 times 10 23 text j k 11 604 518 12 text k where k b is the boltzmann constant the k b is assumed when using the electronvolt to express temperature for example a typical magnetic confinement fusion plasma is 15 kev kiloelectronvolt which corresponds to 174 mk megakelvin as an approximation at a temperature of t 20 c k b t is about 0 025 ev 290 k 11604 k ev wavelength edit energy of photons in the visible spectrum in ev graph of wavelength nm to energy ev the energy e frequency ν and wavelength λ of a photon are related by e h ν h c λ 4 135 667 696 10 15 e v h z 299 792 458 m s λ displaystyle e h nu frac hc lambda frac mathrm 4 135 667 696 times 10 15 ev hz times mathrm 299 792 458 m s lambda where h is the planck constant c is the speed of light this reduces to 6 e 4 135 667 696 10 15 e v h z ν 1 239 841 98 e v n m λ displaystyle begin aligned e 4 135 667 696 times 10 15 mathrm ev hz times nu 4pt frac 1 239 841 98 mathrm ev cdot nm lambda end aligned a photon with a wavelength of 532 nm green light would have an energy of approximately 2 33 ev similarly 1 ev would correspond to an infrared photon of wavelength 1240 nm or frequency 241 8 thz scattering experiments edit in a low energy nuclear scattering experiment it is conventional to refer to the nuclear recoil energy in units of evr kevr etc this distinguishes the nuclear recoil energy from the electron equivalent recoil energy evee kevee etc measured by scintillation light for example the yield of a phototube is measured in phe kevee photoelectrons per kev electron equivalent energy the relationship between ev evr and evee depends on the medium the scattering takes place in and must be established empirically for each material energy comparisons edit photon frequency vs energy particle in electronvolts the energy of a photon varies only with the frequency of the photon related by the speed of light this contrasts with a massive particle of which the energy depends on its velocity and rest mass 7 8 9 legend γ gamma rays mir mid infrared hf high freq hx hard x rays fir far infrared mf medium freq sx soft x rays radio waves lf low freq euv extreme ultraviolet ehf extremely high freq vlf very low freq nuv near ultraviolet shf super high freq ulf ultra low freq visible light uhf ultra high freq slf super low freq nir near infrared vhf very high freq elf extremely low freq energy source 10 y ev approximate grand unification energy 120 p ev the highest energy neutrino detected by the km3net neutrino telescope 10 14 tev designed proton center of mass collision energy at the large hadron collider operated at 3 5 tev since its start on 30 march 2010 reached 13 tev in may 2015 125 1 0 2 gev rest mass energy of the higgs boson as measured by two separate detectors at the lhc to a certainty better than 5 sigma 11 105 7 mev rest mass energy of a muon 0 511 mev rest mass energy of an electron 13 6 ev energy required to ionize atomic hydrogen molecular bond energies are on the order of 1 ev to 10 ev per bond 1 65 to 3 26 ev range of photon energy h c λ displaystyle tfrac hc lambda of visible spectrum from red to violet 38 mev average kinetic energy 3 2 k b t of one gas molecule at room temperature 230 μev thermal energy k b t at the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature of 2 7 kelvin molar energy edit one mole of particles given 1 ev of energy each has approximately 96 5 kj of energy this corresponds to the faraday constant f 96 485 c mol 1 where the energy in joules of n moles of particles each with energy e ev is equal to e f n see also edit orders of magnitude energy references edit 1 2 3 4 2022 codata value electron volt the nist reference on constants units and uncertainty nist may 2024 retrieved 2024 05 18 2022 codata value elementary charge the nist reference on constants units and uncertainty nist may 2024 retrieved 2024 05 18 barrow j d 1983 natural units before planck quarterly journal of the royal astronomical society 24 24 bibcode 1983qjras 24 24b gron tudor jones energy and momentum units in particle physics pdf indico cern ch retrieved 5 june 2022 units in particle physics associate teacher institute toolkit fermilab 22 march 2002 archived from the original on 14 may 2011 retrieved 13 february 2011 2022 codata value planck constant in ev hz the nist reference on constants units and uncertainty nist may 2024 retrieved 2024 05 18 molinaro marco 9 january 2006 what is light pdf university of california davis ist 8a shedding light on life w06 archived from the original pdf on 29 november 2007 retrieved 7 february 2014 elert glenn electromagnetic spectrum the physics hypertextbook hypertextbook com archived from the original on 2016 07 29 retrieved 2016 07 30 definition of frequency bands on vlf it archived from the original on 2010 04 30 retrieved 2010 10 16 km3net collaboration 21 may 2014 a growing astrophysical neutrino signal in icecube now features a 2 pev neutrino nature 638 8050 376 382 doi 10 1038 s41586 024 08543 1 pmc 11821517 pmid 39939793 cite journal cs1 maint numeric names authors list link atlas cms 26 march 2015 combined measurement of the higgs boson mass in pp collisions at s 7 and 8 tev with the atlas and cms experiments physical review letters 114 19 191803 arxiv 1503 07589 bibcode 2015phrvl 114s1803a doi 10 1103 physrevlett 114 191803 pmid 26024162 external links edit fundamental physical constants from nist retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title electronvolt oldid 1377894963 categories particle physics units of chemical measurement units of energy voltage electron hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata cs1 maint numeric names authors list this page was last edited on 1 october 2026 at 20 26 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non 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