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e help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 classification toggle classification subsection 1 1 arterial 1 2 venous 1 3 paradoxical venous to arterial 1 4 direction 2 etymology 3 see also 4 references 5 external links toggle the table of contents embolism 50 languages العربية azərbaycanca беларуская български བོད ཡིག bosanski català čeština dansk deutsch esperanto español euskara فارسی français gaeilge galego עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia ido italiano 日本語 қазақша 한국어 кыргызча lietuvių bahasa melayu plattdüütsch nederlands norsk bokmål polski português русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska தமிழ் ไทย türkçe українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia blockage of a blood vessel by a circulatory mass embolus this article is about the vascular phenomenon for other uses see embolism disambiguation not to be confused with ebullism or aneurysm medical condition embolism micrograph of embolic material in the artery of a kidney the kidney was surgically removed because of cancer h e stain specialty vascular surgery thrombotic embolism branch left pulmonary artery hemorrhagic infarction apex left lower lobe an embolism is the lodging of an embolus a blockage causing piece of material inside a blood vessel 1 the embolus may be a blood clot thrombus a fat globule fat embolism a bubble of air or other gas gas embolism amniotic fluid amniotic fluid embolism or foreign material an embolism can cause partial or total blockage of blood flow in the affected vessel 2 such a blockage vascular occlusion may affect a part of the body distant from the origin of the embolus an embolism in which the embolus is a piece of thrombus is called a thromboembolism an embolism is usually a pathological event caused by illness or injury sometimes it is created intentionally for a therapeutic reason such as to stop bleeding or to kill a cancerous tumor by stopping its blood supply such therapy is called embolization classification edit there are different types of embolism some of which are listed below embolism can be classified based on where it enters the circulation either in arteries or in veins arterial embolism are those that follow and if not dissolved on the way lodge in a more distal part of the systemic circulation sometimes multiple classifications apply for instance a pulmonary embolism is classified as an arterial embolism as well 3 because the clot follows the pulmonary artery carrying deoxygenated blood away from the heart however pulmonary embolism is generally classified as a form of venous embolism because the embolus forms in veins e g deep vein thrombosis citation needed arterial edit main article arterial embolism arterial embolism can cause occlusion in any part of the body it is a major cause of infarction tissue death from blockage of the blood supply 4 an embolus lodging in the brain from either the heart or a carotid artery will most likely be the cause of a stroke due to ischemia 5 an arterial embolus might originate in the heart from a thrombus in the left atrium following atrial fibrillation or be a septic embolus resulting from endocarditis emboli of cardiac origin are frequently encountered in clinical practice thrombus formation within the atrium occurs mainly in patients with mitral valve disease and especially in those with mitral valve stenosis narrowing with atrial fibrillation af in the absence of af pure mitral regurgitation has a low incidence of thromboembolism citation needed the risk of emboli forming in af depends on other risk factors such as age hypertension diabetes recent heart failure or previous stroke thrombus formation can also take place within the ventricles and it occurs in approximately 30 of anterior wall myocardial infarctions compared with only 5 of inferior ones some other risk factors are poor ejection fraction 35 size of infarct and the presence of af in the first three months after infarction left ventricle aneurysms have a 10 risk of emboli forming patients with prosthetic valves also carry a significant increase in risk of thromboembolism risk varies based on the valve type bioprosthetic or mechanical the position mitral or aortic and the presence of other factors such as af left ventricular dysfunction and previous emboli citation needed emboli often have more serious consequences when they occur in the so called end circulation areas of the body that have no redundant blood supply such as the brain and heart citation needed venous edit further information pulmonary embolism and thrombosis prophylaxis still from a 3d medical animation showing a pulmonary embolism assuming a normal circulation an embolus formed in a systemic vein will always impact in the lungs after passing through the right side of the heart this will form a pulmonary embolism that will result in a blockage of the main artery of the lung and can be a complication of deep vein thrombosis the most common sites of origin of pulmonary emboli are the femoral veins the deep veins of the calf are the most common sites of actual thrombi citation needed paradoxical venous to arterial edit main article paradoxical embolism in paradoxical embolism also known as crossed embolism an embolus from the veins crosses to the arterial blood system this is generally found only with heart problems such as septal defects holes in the cardiac septum between the atria or ventricles the most common such abnormality is patent foramen ovale occurring in about 25 of the adult population but here the defect functions as a valve which is normally closed because pressure is slightly higher in the left side of the heart sometimes for example if a patient coughs just when an embolus is passing it might cross to the arterial system citation needed direction edit the direction of the embolus can be one of two types citation needed anterograde retrograde in anterograde embolism the movement of emboli is in the direction of blood flow in retrograde embolism the emboli move in opposition to the blood flow direction this is usually significant only in blood vessels with low pressure veins or with emboli of high weight citation needed etymology edit embolism is first recorded in english in the 14th century and originally meant intercalcation or insertion of days into a calendar it came from the old french embolisme with the same meaning and is ultimately derived from the ancient greek prefix ἐν en meaning in and root βάλλειν ballein meaning to throw the first recorded use of embolism in the specific medical sense is from 1855 6 see also edit embolectomy references edit dorland s 2012 dowland s illustrated medical dictionary 32nd ed elsevier p 606 isbn 978 1 4160 6257 8 britannica concise encyclopedia 2007 medlineplus arterial embolism sean o stitham md and david c dugdale iii md also reviewed by david zieve md reviewed last on 5 8 2008 alternative link mdguidelines arterial embolism and thrombosis archived 2018 02 02 at the wayback machine from the medical disability advisor by presley reed md retrieved on april 30 2010 a neurosurgeon s guide to stroke symptoms treatment and prevention american association of neurological surgeons retrieved 2023 11 25 embolism online etymology dictionary retrieved february 10 2026 external links edit classification d icd 10 i74 i82 o88 t79 0 t79 1 icd 9 cm 444 9 mesh d004617 diseasesdb 18165 snomed ct 414086009 mr of fat embolism brain injury from fat embolism v t e cardiovascular disease vessels arteries arterioles and capillaries inflammation arteritis aortitis buerger s disease arteriosclerosis atherosclerosis foam cell fatty streak atheroma cholesterol ldl oxycholesterol trans fat monckeberg s arteriosclerosis hyaline arteriolosclerosis hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis peripheral artery disease stenosis carotid artery stenosis renal artery stenosis aortoiliac occlusive disease critical limb ischemia degos disease erythromelalgia fibromuscular dysplasia hepatic artery thrombosis intermittent claudication raynaud s phenomenon aneurysm dissection pseudoaneurysm torso aortic aneurysm abdominal aortic aneurysm thoracic aortic aneurysm aneurysm of sinus of valsalva aortic dissection aortic rupture coronary artery aneurysm head neck intracranial aneurysm intracranial berry aneurysm carotid artery dissection vertebral artery dissection familial aortic dissection legs popliteal artery aneurysm vascular malformation arteriovenous fistula arteriovenous malformation telangiectasia hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia generalized essential telangiectasia vascular nevus cherry hemangioma halo nevus spider angioma veins inflammation phlebitis venous thrombosis thrombophlebitis primarily lower limb deep vein thrombosis abdomen hepatic veno occlusive disease budd chiari syndrome may thurner syndrome portal vein thrombosis renal vein thrombosis upper limb torso mondor s disease paget schroetter disease pulmonary embolism head cerebral venous sinus thrombosis post thrombotic syndrome varicose veins gastric varices portacaval anastomosis caput medusae esophageal varices hemorrhoid varicocele other chronic venous insufficiency chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency superior vena cava syndrome inferior vena cava syndrome venous ulcer arteries or veins angiopathy macroangiopathy microangiopathy embolism pulmonary embolism cholesterol embolism paradoxical embolism thrombosis vasculitis blood pressure hypertension hypertensive heart disease hypertensive emergency hypertensive nephropathy essential hypertension secondary hypertension renovascular hypertension benign hypertension pulmonary hypertension systolic hypertension white coat hypertension hypotension orthostatic hypotension shock circulatory v t e pathology of pregnancy childbirth and the puerperium pregnancy pregnancy with abortive outcome abortion ectopic pregnancy abdominal cervical heterotopic interstitial ovarian rudimentary horn embryo loss fetal resorption molar pregnancy miscarriage stillbirth edema proteinuria and hypertensive disorders gestational hypertension pre eclampsia hellp syndrome eclampsia other predominantly related to pregnancy digestive system acute fatty liver of pregnancy gestational diabetes hepatitis e hyperemesis gravidarum intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy integumentary system dermatoses of pregnancy gestational pemphigoid impetigo herpetiformis intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy linea nigra prurigo gestationis pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy puppp stretch marks nervous system chorea gravidarum blood gestational thrombocytopenia pregnancy induced hypercoagulability maternal care related to the fetus and amniotic cavity amniotic fluid oligohydramnios polyhydramnios braxton hicks contractions chorion amnion chorioamnionitis chorionic hematoma constriction ring syndrome monoamniotic twins prelabor rupture of membranes obstetrical bleeding antepartum placenta circumvallate placenta monochorionic twins placenta accreta placenta praevia placental abruption twin to twin transfusion syndrome labor amniotic fluid embolism cephalopelvic disproportion obstructed labour shoulder dystocia fetal distress locked twins nuchal cord obstetrical bleeding postpartum pain management during childbirth placenta placenta accreta preterm birth postmature birth umbilical cord prolapse uterine inversion uterine rupture vasa praevia uterine atony puerperal breastfeeding difficulties low milk supply cracked nipples breast engorgement childbirth related post traumatic stress disorder pubic symphysis diastasis postpartum bleeding peripartum cardiomyopathy postpartum depression postpartum infections postpartum psychosis postpartum thyroiditis puerperal mastitis other concomitant conditions diabetes mellitus systemic lupus erythematosus thyroid disorders pregnancy denial maternal death sexual activity during pregnancy category v t e trauma principles polytrauma major trauma traumatology triage resuscitation trauma triad of death assessment clinical prediction rules abbreviated injury scale injury severity score naca score revised trauma score investigations diagnostic peritoneal lavage focused assessment with sonography for trauma management principles advanced trauma life support damage control surgery early appropriate care trauma center trauma surgery trauma team procedures resuscitative thoracotomy pathophysiology injury msk bone fracture degloving joint dislocation soft tissue injury respiratory diaphragmatic rupture flail chest hemothorax pneumothorax pulmonary contusion cardio cardiac tamponade internal bleeding thoracic aorta injury gi blunt kidney trauma splenic injury neuro intracranial hemorrhage penetrating head injury traumatic brain injury mechanism blast injury blunt trauma burn crush injury electrocution gunshot wound penetrating trauma stab wound region abdominal trauma chest injury facial trauma head injury spinal cord injury demographic geriatric trauma pediatric trauma complications acute respiratory distress syndrome chronic traumatic encephalopathy compartment syndrome contracture volkmann s contracture crush syndrome rhabdomyolysis embolism air fat post traumatic stress disorder subcutaneous emphysema wound healing authority control databases international gnd national united states france bnf data czech republic israel other yale lux 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