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emergentism wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 in british philosophy 2 references 3 further reading 4 external links toggle the table of contents emergentism 12 languages العربية català español français bahasa indonesia italiano 한국어 polski português русский türkçe 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia philosophical view concerning consiousness not to be confused with emergence emergentism is a philosophical position holding that complex systems possess properties behaviors or laws that arise from the interaction of their fundamental parts but are not reducible to or predictable from them a property of a system is said to be emergent if it is a new outcome of some other properties of the system and their interaction while it is itself different from them 1 within philosophy of science emergentism is analyzed both as it contrasts with and parallels reductionism 1 2 in british philosophy edit see also reductionism in his 1843 book a system of logic john stuart mill stated that all organised bodies are composed of parts similar to those composing inorganic nature and which have even themselves existed in an inorganic state including all forms of life but that the phenomena of life are quite different to those of non living matter 3 1 in 1925 c d broad published the mind and its place in nature he addressed the question of whether biology could be reduced to chemistry and onwards to physics he suggested this could involve a mechanist answer that all material is alike and all science is as well or an emergentist view that while material is all alike there could be levels of organisation with what were later called emergent properties at each level 1 samuel alexander proposed that a human mental process emerges from a neural process and that living systems and those with mind have new emergent qualit ies that do not occur at lower levels 1 later philosophers have taken up alexander s epistemological position arguing either that the properties of higher levels complex systems cannot be predicted from understanding of lower levels or that the properties can be described at the higher level such as biology but are not reducible to the concepts and behaviour of the lower level such as physics 1 references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 o connor timothy 2021 zalta edward n ed emergent properties the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy winter 2021 ed metaphysics research lab stanford university retrieved 2026 05 14 kistler max 2006 new perspectives on reduction and emergence in physics biology and psychology synthese 151 3 311 312 issn 0039 7857 mill john stewart 1843 a system of logic book 3 ch 6 1 cite book cs1 maint location link further reading edit cahoone lawrence the orders of nature suny press 2013 clayton philip and paul davies eds the re emergence of emergence the emergentist hypothesis from science to religion oxford university press 2008 gregersen niels h eds from complexity to life on emergence of life and meaning oxford university press 2013 jones richard h analysis the fullness of reality an introduction to reductionism emergence jackson square books 2013 laughlin robert b a different universe basic books 2005 macdonald graham and cynthia emergence in mind oxford university press 2010 morowitz harold j the emergence of everything how the world became complex oxford university press 2002 external links edit emergent properties in the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy v t e philosophy of mind philosophers g e m anscombe aristotle armstrong thomas aquinas j l austin alexander bain george berkeley henri bergson ned block franz brentano c d broad tyler burge david chalmers patricia churchland paul churchland andy clark dharmakirti donald davidson daniel dennett rené descartes fred dretske fodor goldman martin heidegger david hume edmund husserl william james frank cameron jackson immanuel kant david lewis philosopher john locke gottfried wilhelm leibniz maurice merleau ponty marvin minsky thomas nagel alva noë derek parfit plato hilary putnam richard rorty gilbert ryle john searle wilfrid sellars baruch spinoza alan turing michael tye vasubandhu ludwig wittgenstein stephen yablo zhuangzi more theories behaviorism biological naturalism dualism eliminative materialism emergent materialism epiphenomenalism functionalism interactionism naïve realism neurophenomenology neutral monism new mysterianism nondualism occasionalism panpsychism parallelism phenomenalism phenomenology physicalism type physicalism property dualism representational solipsism substance dualism concepts abstract object animal machine chinese room creativity cognition cognitive closure concept consciousness hard problem of consciousness hypostatic abstraction idea identity intelligence artificial human intentionality introspection intuition language of thought mental event mental image mental process mental property mental representation mind mind body problem pain problem of other minds propositional attitude qualia tabula rasa understanding zombie related metaphysics philosophy of artificial intelligence information perception self category philosophers category project task force authority control databases international gnd national united states france bnf data israel other idref yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title emergentism oldid 1370382654 categories emergence metaphysics of mind hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata cs1 maint location this page was last edited on 20 august 2026 at 20 30 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents emergentism 12 languages add topic