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Text of the page (random words):
ly border their own territorial waters i e they are not surrounded by other nations territorial waters such as point roberts washington and minnesota s northwest angle both in the united states a pene exclave can also exist entirely on land such as when intervening mountains render a territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory a commonly cited example is the kleinwalsertal a valley part of vorarlberg austria that is accessible only from germany to the north origin and usage edit the word enclave is french and first appeared in the mid 15th century as a derivative of the verb enclaver 1283 from the colloquial latin inclavare to close with a key 7 originally it was a term of property law that denoted a land or parcel of land surrounded by land owned by a different owner and that could not be reached for its exploitation in a practical and sufficient manner without crossing the surrounding land 7 in law this created a servitude 8 of passage for the benefit of the owner of the surrounded land the first diplomatic document to contain the word enclave was the treaty of madrid signed in 1526 2 61 later the term enclave began to be used also to refer to parcels of countries counties fiefs communes towns parishes etc that were surrounded by alien territory this french word eventually entered english and other languages to denote the same concept although local terms have continued to be used in india the word pocket is often used as a synonym for enclave such as the pockets of puducherry district 9 in british administrative history subnational enclaves were usually called detachments or detached parts and national enclaves as detached districts or detached dominions 10 in british ecclesiastic history subnational enclaves were known as peculiars see also royal peculiar the word exclave 3 is a logically extended back formation of enclave characteristics edit enclaves exist for a variety of historical political and geographical reasons for example in the feudal system in europe the ownership of feudal domains was often transferred or partitioned either through purchase and sale or through inheritance and often such domains were or came to be surrounded by other domains in particular this state of affairs persisted into the 19th century in the holy roman empire and these domains principalities etc exhibited many of the characteristics of sovereign states prior to 1866 prussia alone consisted of more than 270 discontiguous pieces of territory 2 61 residing in an enclave within another country has often involved difficulties in such areas as passage rights importing goods currency provision of utilities and health services and host nation cooperation thus over time enclaves have tended to be eliminated for example two thirds of the then existing national level enclaves were extinguished on 1 august 2015 when the governments of india and bangladesh implemented a land boundary agreement that exchanged 162 first order enclaves 111 indian and 51 bangladeshi this exchange thus effectively removed another two dozen second order enclaves and one third order enclave eliminating 197 of the india bangladesh enclaves in all the residents in these enclaves had complained of being effectively stateless only bangladesh s dahagram angarpota enclave remained netherlands and belgium decided to keep the enclave and exclave system in baarle as both netherlands and belgium are members of the european union and schengen area people goods and services flow freely with few or no restrictions enclave versus exclave edit for illustration in the figure above a1 is a semi enclave attached to c and also bounded by water that only touches c s territorial water although a2 is an exclave of a it cannot be classed as an enclave because it shares borders with b and c the territory a3 is both an exclave of a and an enclave from the viewpoint of b the singular territory d although an enclave is not an exclave true enclaves edit for broader coverage of true enclaves see list of enclaves and exclaves an enclave is a part of the territory of a state that is enclosed within the territory of another state to distinguish the parts of a state entirely enclosed in a single other state they are called true enclaves 5 10 a true enclave cannot be reached without passing through the territory of a single other state that surrounds it in 2007 evgeny vinokurov called this the restrictive definition of enclave given by international law which thus comprises only so called true enclaves 5 10 two examples are büsingen am hochrhein an exclave of germany and campione d italia an exclave of italy both of which are surrounded by and thus are true enclaves of switzerland the definition of a territory comprises both land territory and territorial waters in the case of enclaves in territorial waters they are called maritime those surrounded by territorial sea or lacustrine if in a lake enclaves 5 10 most of the true national level enclaves now existing are in asia and europe while subnational enclaves are numerous the world over there are only a few national level true enclaves in africa australia and the americas each such enclave being surrounded by the territorial waters of another country a historical example is west berlin before the reunification of germany since 1945 all of berlin had been ruled de jure by the four allied powers however the east german government and the soviet union treated east berlin as an integral part of east germany so west berlin was a de facto enclave within east germany also 12 small west berlin enclaves such as steinstücken were separated from the city some by only a few meters 11 true exclaves edit for broader coverage of true exclaves see list of enclaves and exclaves the nakhchivan autonomous republic a true exclave true exclave is an extension of the concept of true enclave in order to access a true exclave from the mainland a traveller must go through the territory of at least one other state the nakhchivan autonomous republic is an example of a true exclave as to access it from the azerbaijan mainland a traveller must pass through the territory of at least one foreign country armenia iran or turkey related constructs and terms edit enclave exclave semi enclave semi exclave both enclave and exclave enclave but not exclave exclave but not enclave both semi enclave and semi exclave semi enclave but not semi exclave semi exclave but not semi enclave number of distinct alien territory a bordered 1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 belongs to a larger territory maybe yes maybe yes yes no yes yes no yes has unsurrounded sea border s c no no yes yes no no no yes yes yes semi enclaves and semi exclaves edit for broader coverage of semi enclaves and semi exclaves see list of enclaves and exclaves semi enclaves and semi exclaves are areas that except for possessing a sea border that is not surrounded would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves 4 116 5 12 14 semi enclaves can exist as independent states that border only one other state such as monaco the gambia and brunei vinokurov 2007 declares technically portugal denmark and canada also border only one foreign state but they are not enclosed in the geographical political or economic sense they have vast access to international waters at the same time there are states that although in possession of sea access are still enclosed by the territories of a foreign state 5 14 therefore a quantitative principle applies the land boundary must be longer than the coastline thus a state is classified as a sovereign semi enclave if it borders on just one state and its land boundary is longer than its sea coastline 5 14 20 22 since vinokurov s writing in 2007 canada and the kingdom of denmark have each gained a second bordering state each other with the 2022 division of hans island vinokurov affirms that no similar quantitative criterion is needed to define the scope of non sovereign semi enclaves exclaves 5 14 26 12 subnational enclaves and exclaves edit for broader coverage of subnational enclaves and exclaves see list of enclaves and exclaves sometimes administrative divisions of a country for historical or practical reasons caused some areas to belong to one division while being attached to another practical enclaves exclaves and inaccessible districts edit for broader coverage of practical enclaves exclaves and inaccessible districts see list of enclaves and exclaves the term pene exclave was defined in robinson 1959 as parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently in particular by wheeled traffic only through the territory of another country 6 283 thus a pene exclave although having land borders is not completely surrounded by the other s land or territorial waters 13 60 catudal 1974 14 113 and vinokurov 2007 5 31 33 further elaborate upon examples including point roberts although physical connections by water with point roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the united states land access is only possible through canada 14 pene enclaves are also called functional enclaves or practical enclaves 5 31 they can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but nevertheless a discontinuity on land such as in the case of point roberts 5 47 along rivers that change course pene enclaves can be observed as complexes comprising many small pene enclaves 5 50 a pene enclave can also exist entirely on land such as when intervening mountains render a territory although geographically attached inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory a commonly cited example is the kleinwalsertal a valley part of vorarlberg austria that is only accessible from germany to the north being separated from the rest of austria by high mountains traversed by no roads another example is the spanish village of os de civís accessible from andorra the hamlet of boston corner was a pene exclave of massachusetts separated by mountains until it was ceded to new york hence such areas are enclaves or exclaves for practical purposes without meeting the strict definition many pene exclaves partially border the sea or another body of water which comprises their own territorial waters i e they are not surrounded by other nations territorial waters they border their own territorial waters in addition to a land border with another country and hence they are not true exclaves still one cannot travel to them on land without going through another country attribution of a pene enclave status to a territory can sometimes be disputed depending on whether the territory is considered to be practically inaccessible from the mainland or not 5 33 land owned by a foreign country edit land for the captain cook monument was deeded outright to the british government by the independent nation of hawaii in 1877 one or more parcels holdings of land in most countries is owned by other countries most instances are exempt from taxes in the special case of embassies consulates these enjoy special privileges driven by international consensus particularly the mutual wish to ensure free diplomatic missions such as being exempt from major hindrances and host country arrests in ordinary times on the premises most non embassy lands in such ownership are also not enclaves as they fall legally short of extraterritoriality they are subject to alike court jurisdiction as before their grant sale in most matters nonetheless for a person s offence against the property itself equally valid jurisdiction in criminal matters is more likely than elsewhere assuming the perpetrator is found in the prosecuting authority s homeland devoid of permanent residents formally defined new sovereignty is not warranted or asserted in the examples below nonetheless minor laws especially on flag flying are sometimes relaxed to accommodate the needs of the accommodated nation s monument embassies enjoy many different legal statuses approaching quasi sovereignty depending on the agreements reached and in practice upheld from time to time by host nations subject to hosts adhering to basic due process of international law including giving warnings the enforced reduction of scope of a foreign embassy has always been a possibility even to the point of expelling the foreign embassy entirely usually on a breakdown of relations in reaction to extreme actions such as espionage or as another form of sanction the same seems to be possible in profit driven moving or drilling under any of the sites below providing safeguards as the structure or a new replacement site the same possible curtailments and alterations never apply to proper exclaves notes edit including sea territory excluding international sea called maritime enclave if surrounded by alien territorial sea has direct access to international waters a sovereign semi en exclave must have a land boundary longer than its coastline see also edit flagpole annexation landlocked country panhandle inner suburb extraterritoriality of princess margriet s birth lists edit list of countries that border only one other country list of enclaves and exclaves list of ethnic enclaves in north american cities list of former foreign enclaves in china citations edit 1 2 raton pierre 1958 les enclaves annuaire français de droit international 4 186 doi 10 3406 afdi 1958 1373 1 2 3 melamid alexander 1968 enclaves and exclaves in sills david ed international encyclopedia of the social sciences vol 5 the macmillan company free press 1 2 exclave webster s encyclopedic unabridged dictionary of the english language 1989 p 497 1 2 3 4 rozhkov yuryevsky yuri 2013 the concepts of enclave and exclave and their use in the political and geographical characteristic of the kaliningrad region baltic region 2 2 113 123 doi 10 5922 2079 8555 2013 2 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 vinokurov evgeny 2007 the theory of enclaves lanham md lexington books 1 2 robinson g w s september 1959 exclaves annals of the association of american geographers 49 3 part 1 283 295 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8306 1959 tb01614 x jstor 2561461 1 2 le grand robert dictionnaire de la langue française 2001 vol iii p 946 webster s encyclopedic unabridged dictionary of the english language 1989 p 1304 servitude law a right possessed by one person with respect to another s property consisting either of a right to use the other s property or a power to prevent certain uses of it government jobs in bsnl 01 jobs opening jobresultsnic in archived from the original on 2014 12 24 retrieved 2014 02 24 as can be seen on 18th century maps of germany and other european countries by british cartographers and publishers such as r wilkinson berlin exclaves archived from the original on 2013 04 29 retrieved 2013 05 02 vinokurov 2007 p 29 also refers to semi exclaves as a type of mere exclave with sea connection to the mainland melamid 1968 states contiguous territories of states which for all regular commercial and administrative purposes can be reache...