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aliano 日本語 한국어 polski svenska тоҷикӣ اردو tiếng việt 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia regular user of a product end user redirects here for other uses see end user disambiguation nurses as information systems end users in product development an end user is a person who ultimately uses or is intended to ultimately use a product 1 2 3 the end user stands in contrast to users who support or maintain the product 4 such as sysops system administrators database administrators 5 information technology it experts software professionals and computer technicians end users typically do not possess the technical understanding or skill of the product designers 6 a fact that can be easily overlooked by designers which may lead to features with low customer satisfaction 2 in information technology end users are not customers in the usual sense they are typically employees of the customer 7 for example if a large retail corporation buys a software package for its employees to use even though the large retail corporation was the customer that purchased the software the end users are the employees of the company who will use the software at work context edit end users are one of the three major factors contributing to the complexity of managing information systems the end user s position has changed from a position in the 1950s where end users did not interact with the mainframe computer experts programmed and ran the mainframe to one in the 2010s where the end user collaborates with and advises the management information system and information technology department about his or her needs regarding the system or product this raises new questions such as who manages each resource what is the role of the mis department and what is the optimal relationship between the end user and the mis department 8 empowerment edit the concept of end user first surfaced in the late 1980s and has since then raised many debates one challenge was the goal to give both the user more freedom by adding advanced features and functions for more advanced users and adding more constraints to prevent a neophyte user from accidentally erasing an entire company s database 9 this phenomenon appeared as a consequence of consumerization of computer products and software in the 1960s and 1970s computer users were generally programming experts and computer scientists however in the 1980s and especially in the mid to late 1990s and the early 2000s everyday regular people began using computer devices and software for personal and work use it specialists needed to cope with this trend in various ways in the 2010s users now want to have more control over the systems they operate to solve their own problems and be able to customize the systems to suit their needs the apparent drawbacks were the risk of corruption of the systems and data the users had control of due to their lack of knowledge on how to properly operate the computer software at an advanced level 10 for companies to appeal to the user it took primary care to accommodate and think of end users in their new products software launches and updates a partnership needed to be formed between the programmer developers and the everyday end users so both parties could maximize the use of the products effectively 11 a major example of the public s effects on end user s requirements were the public libraries they have been affected by new technologies in many ways ranging from the digitalization of their card catalog the shift to e books e journals and offering online services libraries have had to undergo many changes in order to cope 12 including training existing librarians in web 2 0 and database skills to hiring it and software experts end user documentation edit this section is about generic system users materials for consumable guides to software see software user documentation 1980s era personal computer with end user documentation nato official and afghan colonel going through end user documentation to transfer control of barracks to the afghan army in 2009 the aim of end user documentation e g manuals and guidebooks for products is to help the user understand certain aspects of the systems and to provide all the answers in one place 13 a lot of documentation is available for users to help them understand and properly use a certain product or service due to the fact that the information available is usually very vast inconsistent or ambiguous e g a user manual with hundreds of pages including guidance on using advanced features many users suffer from an information overload therefore they become unable to take the right course of action this needs to be kept in mind when developing products and services and the necessary documentation for them 14 well written documentation is needed for a user to reference some key aspects of such a documentation are 13 specific titles and subtitles for subsections to aid the reader in finding sections use of videos annotated screenshots text and links to help the reader understand how to use the device or program structured provision of information which goes from the most basic instructions written in plain language without specialist jargon or acronyms progressing to the information that intermediate or advanced users will need these sections can include jargon and acronyms but each new term should be defined or spelled out upon its first use easy to search the help guide find information and access information clear end results are described to the reader e g when the program is installed properly an icon will appear in the left hand corner of your screen and the led will turn on detailed numbered steps to enable users with a range of proficiency levels from novice to advanced to go step by step to install use and troubleshoot the product or service unique uniform resource locator urls so that the user can go to the product website to find additional help and resources at times users do not refer to the documentation available to them due to various reasons ranging from finding the manual too large or due to not understanding the jargon and acronyms it contains in other cases the users may find that the manual makes too many assumptions about a user having pre existing knowledge of computers and software and thus the directions may skip over these initial steps from the users point of view thus frustrated user may report false problems because of their inability to understand the software or computer hardware this in turn causes the company to focus on perceived problems instead of focusing on the actual problems of the software 15 security edit see also user computing in the 2010s there is a lot of emphasis on user s security and privacy with the increasing role that computers are playing in people s lives people are carrying laptops and smartphones with them and using them for scheduling appointments making online purchases using credit cards and searching for information these activities can potentially be observed by companies governments or individuals which can lead to breaches of privacy identity theft by blackmailing and other serious concerns as well many businesses ranging from small business startups to huge corporations are using computers and software to design manufacture market and sell their products and services and businesses also use computers and software in their back office processes e g human resources payroll etc as such it is important for people and organizations to know that the information and data they are storing using or sending over computer networks or storing on computer systems is secure however developers of software and hardware are faced with many challenges in developing a system that can be both user friendly accessible 24 7 on almost any device and be truly secure security leaks happen even to individuals and organizations that have security measures in place to protect their data and information e g firewalls encryption strong passwords the complexities of creating such a secure system come from the fact that the behaviour of humans is not always rational or predictable even in a very well secured computer system a malicious individual can telephone a worker and pretend to be a private investigator working for the software company and ask for the individual s password a dishonest process called phishing as well even with a well secured system if a worker decides to put the company s electronic files on a usb drive to take them home to work on them over the weekend against many companies policies and then loses this usb drive the company s data may be compromised therefore developers need to make systems that are intuitive to the user in order to have information security and system security 16 another key step to end user security is informing the people and employees about the security threats and what they can do to avoid them or protect themselves and the organization clearly underlining the capabilities and risks makes users more aware and informed whilst they are using the products some situations that could put the user at risk are auto logon as administrator options auto fill options in which a computer or program remembers a user s personal information and http cookies opening junk emails of suspicious emails and or opening running attachments or computer files contained in these email being monitored by third parties especially when using wi fi connections unsecure wi fi or use of a public wi fi network at a coffee shop or hotel weak passwords using a person s own name own birthdate name or birthdate of children or easy to guess passwords such as 1234 malicious programs such as viruses even if the security measures in place are strong the choices the user makes and his her behavior have a major impact on how secure their information really is therefore an informed user is one who can protect and achieve the best security out of the system they use 17 because of the importance of end user security and the impact it can have on organizations the uk government set out a guidance for the public sector to help civil servants learn how to be more security aware when using government networks and computers while this is targeted to a certain sector this type of educational effort can be informative to any type of user this helps developers meet security norms and end users be aware of the risks involved 18 reimers and andersson have conducted a number of studies on end user security habits and found that the same type of repeated education training in security best practices can have a marked effect on the perception of compliance with good end user network security habits especially concerning malware and ransomware 19 law edit in end user license agreements the end user is distinguished from the value added reseller who installs the software or the organization that purchases and manages the software citation needed certain american defense related products and information require export approval from the united states government under the international traffic in arms regulations and export administration regulations 20 in order to obtain a license to export the exporter must specify both the end user and the end use for undertaking an end user certificate 21 in the uk there exist documents that accompany licenses for products named in the end user undertaking statements clarification needed 22 see also edit end user computing end user development voice of the customer user guide references edit dictionary of computer and internet terms barron s business guides 8 ed hauppauge new york barron s educational series 2003 p 171 isbn 978 0764121661 oclc 50480181 the person ultimately intended to use a product 1 2 howe denis 1997 03 29 foldoc entry for end user foldoc org london retrieved 2015 06 28 the person who uses a computer application as opposed to those who developed or it legal information institute u s code 8541 definitions www law cornell edu ithaca new york cornell law school retrieved 2015 06 28 the term end user with respect to a good service or technology means the person that receives and ultimately uses the good service or technology fips task group on database management system standards 1979 recommendations for database management system standards washington d c national bureau of standards p 58 oclc 6862471 the end users are persons who perform the application functions end users include parametric and generalized function users but they are not system support personnel shepherd john c 1990 database management theory and application homewood illinois irwin professional publishing p 20 isbn 978 0256078299 oclc 20491157 o neil patrick 1994 database principles programming performance san francisco morgan kaufmann publishers pp 4 5 isbn 978 1558602199 oclc 30777731 one of the most important features of a dbms is that relatively inexperienced users called end users are empowered to retrieve information from the database the user poses a query at the terminal keyboard requesting the database system to display the answer on a terminal screen or on a printed sheet chrissis mary beth konrad mike shrum sandy 2011 cmmi for development guidelines for process integration and product improvement upper saddle river new jersey addison wesley p 581 isbn 9780321711502 oclc 884168009 a party that ultimately uses a delivered product or that receives the benefit of a delivered service see also customer end users may or may not also be customers who can establish and accept agreements or authorize payments rainer jr r kelly prince brad cegielski casey 2014 introduction to information systems supporting and transforming businesses fifth ed wiley pp 12 13 isbn 978 1 118 67436 9 lupton carol 1998 02 01 user empowerment or family self reliance the family group conference model the british journal of social work 28 1 107 128 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals bjsw a011302 jstor 23714792 can it cope with empowered end users forbes retrieved 2015 11 03 kappelman leon a guynes carl stephen 1995 end user training empowerment journal of systems management 46 5 cleveland 36 proquest 199819277 seidler de alwis ragna fühles ubach simone 2010 success factors for the future of information centres commercial and public libraries a study from germany interlending document supply 38 3 183 188 doi 10 1108 02641611011072387 1 2 10 examples of great end user documentation blog screensteps com retrieved 2015 11 03 self published source strother judith b ulijn jan m fazal zohra 2012 01 01 strother judith b ulijn jan m fazal zohra eds information overload an international ...