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y and label readability among other criteria among its findings 85 7 of european products were pasteurised while 8 of north american drinks relied on artificial preservatives european drinks also averaged 4 0 vitamins per product compared with 2 9 in north america 17 effects a health warning on a can of the austrian power horse energy drink energy drinks have the effects caffeine and sugar provide but there is little or no evidence that the wide variety of other ingredients have any effect 5 most of the effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance such as increased attention and reaction speed are primarily due to the presence of caffeine 6 advertising for energy drinks usually features increased muscle strength and endurance but there is little evidence to support this in the scientific literature 8 according to the mayo clinic it is safe for the typical healthy adult to consume a total of 400 mg of caffeine a day this has been confirmed by a panel of the european food safety authority efsa which also concludes that a caffeine intake of up to 400 mg per day does not raise safety concerns for adults according to the efsa this is equivalent to 4 cups of coffee 90 mg each or 2 1 2 standard cans 250 ml of energy drink 160 mg each 80 mg per serving 18 19 adverse effects associated with caffeine consumption in amounts greater than 400 mg include nervousness irritability sleeplessness increased urination abnormal heart rhythms arrhythmia and dyspepsia in the united states caffeine dosage is not required to be displayed on product labels for food however companies often place the caffeine content of their drinks on the label regardless and some advocates are urging the food and drug administration fda to change this practice 20 21 health problems excessive consumption of energy drinks can have serious health effects resulting from high caffeine and sugar intakes particularly in children and teenagers 22 23 excessive energy drink consumption may disrupt sleep patterns and may be associated with increased risk taking behavior 22 excessive or repeated consumption of energy drinks can lead to cardiac problems such as arrhythmia and heart attacks and psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and phobias 9 10 22 the consumption of caffeinated energy drinks has been associated with adverse effects on cardiovascular health including increased heart rate and blood pressure which can pose risks for individuals with underlying heart conditions 24 25 in europe energy drinks containing sugar and caffeine have been associated with the deaths of athletes 26 reviews have noted that caffeine content was not the only factor and that the cocktail of other ingredients in energy drinks made them more dangerous than drinks whose only stimulant was caffeine the studies noted that more research and government regulation were needed 22 27 the american academy of pediatrics recommends that children under the age of 18 do not consume caffeinated energy drinks 28 for children under the age of 18 safe levels of caffeine consumption have not been established 29 in 2011 in the united states 11 of the 20 783 people aged 12 or older who visited the emergency room for issues related to energy drinks were hospitalized 30 the number of energy drink related emergency room visits in the united states doubled between 2007 and 2011 in 2012 us federal officials had received reports of 13 deaths over the previous four years that cited some possible involvement of 5 hour energy which is classified as an energy shot or a subsection of the energy drink category between 2009 and 2012 5 hour energy had been mentioned in 90 filings with the fda including more than 30 that involved serious or life threatening injuries like heart attacks convulsions and in one case a spontaneous abortion 31 while caffeine is traditionally not seen as a drug of abuse there is growing discussion that its use especially in the form of energy drinks may exhibit a gateway drug effect increasing the likelihood of subsequent use of alcohol and other substances students who regularly consume caffeinated energy drinks have a greater risk of alcohol use disorder cocaine use and misuse of prescription stimulants the elevated risk remains after accounting for prior substance use and other risk factors 32 controlled animal and human studies showed that caffeine from energy drinks in combination with alcohol increased the craving for more alcohol more strongly than alcohol alone 33 these findings correspond to epidemiological data that people who consume energy drinks generally showed an increased tendency to take alcohol and other substances 34 32 public health agencies have emphasized that risk perception and consumption patterns play a role in energy drink related harms reviews note that energy drinks are often consumed rapidly in larger volumes or in combination with other stimulants or alcohol which can increase total caffeine exposure beyond intended levels 35 regulatory bodies in several regions have raised concerns about marketing practices and labeling clarity particularly regarding caffeine content and suitability warnings for vulnerable populations including children pregnant individuals and those with cardiovascular conditions 36 prevalence a 2024 review of studies from the united states europe asia oceania and africa found that 55 of participants had consumed an energy drink at one point 43 in the last year 32 in the past month 22 in the past week and 9 consumed energy drinks daily 37 history dr enuf an energy building 38 soft drink containing caffeine and b vitamins was created in the united states in 1949 39 40 the new york times states that the energy drink as we know it however was born in post world war ii japan 40 in 1962 taisho pharmaceutical produced lipovitan d a herbal energizing tonic that was sold in minibar sized bottles the tonic was originally marketed towards truck drivers and factory workers who needed to stay awake for long shifts a v energy drink bottle from lautoka fiji in europe dietrich mateschitz an austrian entrepreneur introduced the red bull product a worldwide bestseller in the 21st century mateschitz developed red bull based on the thai drink krating daeng itself based on lipovitan red bull became the dominant brand in the us after its introduction in 1997 with a market share of approximately 47 in 2005 41 in new zealand and australia the leading energy drink product in those markets v was introduced by frucor beverages the product now represents over 60 of market in new zealand and australia 42 in 2002 hansen natural company introduced the energy drink monster energy 43 hansen natural company changed their name to monster beverage corporation after an agreement by shareholders to change the name after monster energy became the largest source of revenue 44 the company s previous beverages were taken ownership of by the coca cola company 45 the energy shot product an offshoot of the energy drink was launched in the us with products such as 5 hour energy which was first released onto the market in 2004 a consumer health analyst explained in a march 2014 media article energy shots took off because of energy drinks if you re a white collar worker you re not necessarily willing to down a big monster energy drink but you may drink an energy shot 46 47 in 2007 energy drink powders and effervescent tablets were introduced whereby either can be added to water to create an energy drink 48 on 14 august 2012 the word energy drink was listed for the first time in the merriam webster s collegiate dictionary 49 variants by concentration energy shots main article energy shot energy shots are a specialized kind of energy drink whereas most energy drinks are sold in cans or bottles energy shots are usually sold in smaller 50ml bottles 50 energy shots can contain the same total amount of caffeine vitamins or other functional ingredients as their larger versions and may be considered concentrated forms of energy drinks the marketing of energy shots generally focuses on their convenience and availability as a low calorie instant energy drink that can be taken in one swallow or shot as opposed to energy drinks that encourage users to drink an entire can which may contain 250 calories or more 51 a common energy shot is 5 hour energy which contains b vitamins and caffeine with caffeine content in an amount similar to that in a cup of coffee 52 in some countries with restrictions and regulations on energy drinks energy shots are classified differently and thus exempt from the rules impacting energy drinks 53 energy drink mix packets normal energy drink put poured into water for convienence by ingredient caffeinated alcoholic drink main article caffeinated alcoholic drink energy drinks such as red bull are often used as mixers with alcoholic drinks producing mixed drinks such as vodka red bull which are similar to but stronger than rum and coke with respect to the amount of caffeine that they contain 54 sometimes this is configured as a bomb shot such as the jägerbomb or the f bomb fireball cinnamon whisky and red bull 55 caffeinated alcoholic drinks are also sold in some countries in a wide variety of formulations the american products four loko and joose originally combined caffeine and alcohol before caffeinated alcoholic drinks were banned in the us in 2010 56 57 58 non caffeinated energy drink some energy drinks do not contain the stimulant caffeine instead they may contain l theanine tyrosine b vitamins b 6 and b 12 bcaa eaa 59 and other compounds such as taurine l carnitine rhodiola rosea or ginseng extract 60 due to the lack of caffeine or cns stimulants these type of caffeine free energy drinks do not provide the same mental boost given by caffeine and their stimulant effect may be higher on older adults 61 chemistry a nutrition facts label for an energy drink energy drinks may contain caffeine b vitamins carbonated water high fructose corn syrup sucralose or sugar for non diet versions other common ingredients are yerba mate açaí taurine ginseng maltodextrin inositol carnitine creatine glucuronolactone or ginkgo biloba 12 in the united states the caffeine content of energy drinks is in the range of 40 to 250 mg per 8 fluid ounce 237 ml serving 62 the fda recommends that 400 mg per day is safe for adults excluding pregnant people while 1200 mg per day can be toxic 62 demographics globally energy drinks are typically attractive to youths and young adults 63 sales and trends in 2017 global energy drink sales were about 44 billion euros 64 in 2017 manufacturers were modifying the composition of energy drinks for reduced or no sugar content and lower calories caffeine content clean labels to reflect the use of organic ingredients exotic flavors and ingredients that may affect mood 64 the global energy drink market was estimated to be worth 45 80 billion in 2020 and is predicted to grow at an annual rate of 8 2 to reach 108 40 billion by 2031 65 market share in 2020 red bull had the largest global market share among energy drinks at 43 followed by monster energy at 39 rockstar energy at 10 and amp and nos at 3 each 66 regulations see also caffeine regulations and age restrictions on energy drinks by country some countries have certain restrictions on the sale and manufacture of energy drinks a ban was challenged in the european court of justice in 2004 and consequently lifted 67 73 countries and territories have implemented policies such as taxation bans within schools sale bans labeling and marketing restrictions on energy drinks usually to reduce consumption among those under a certain age 1 argentina in december 2017 argentina adopted article 26 of the internal revenue law which says that beverages containing caffeine and taurine whether supplemented or not as defined by the argentina food code will be taxed at 10 ad valorum tax 68 australia and new zealand prime energy drinks being sold a store in sydney a sign posted informs that the store restricts the sale of the drink to only those over the age of 18 the age of majority in australia and limits customers and groups to a maximum of six cans each in australia and new zealand energy drinks are regulated under the australia new zealand food standards code limiting the caffeine content of formulated caffeinated beverages energy drinks at 320 mg l 9 46 mg oz and soft drinks at 145 mg l 4 29 mg oz mandatory caffeine labeling is issued for all food products containing guarana in the country 69 and australian energy drink labels warn consumers to drink no more than two cans per day 70 bridgetown in western australia became the first place in australia to ban the sale of energy drinks to persons under 18 years for four months as of february 2023 71 canada canada limits the amount of caffeine per serving to 180 mg energy drinks are also subject to certain labelling requirements 72 some imported energy drinks have surpassed the legal limit and were recalled 73 74 the canada border services agency is supposed to stop such products from entering the country but does not often patrol energy drinks to verify that they meet regulations 75 cape verde cape verde implemented an energy drink school ban in 2016 with energy drinks prohibited within and around educational establishments 1 colombia in 2009 under the ministry of social protection colombia prohibited the sale and commercialization of energy drinks to minors under the age of 14 76 denmark in 1997 denmark banned the sale of red bull the danish veterinary and food administration criticized the functional beverages added ingredients such as b vitamins inositol glucuronolactone and taurine it argued that nutritional supplements should be added to foods only when necessary for public health such as in the case of iodised salt high caffeine content was also stated as an issue only amounts up to 150 mg l were allowed in beverages in 2009 the limit was raised to 320 mg l and taurine and glucuronolactone were approved as ingredients making energy drinks legal 77 78 as of 2024 update the danish food administration advises against energy drink consumption for children with only limited consumption of energy drinks 250 ml 8 5 u s fl oz per day assuming no other caffeine intake for children between 15 and 17 years old 79 germany there is no law regulating the sale of energy drinks in germany though several german consumer organizations and the federal institute for risk assessment are calling for a ban on the sale of soft drinks to minors with a caffeine content exceeding 150 milligrams per liter 80 81 in addition retailers can decide for themselves to restrict the sale of energy drinks 80 india in india the food safety and standards authority of india fssai regulates the manufacturing packaging labeling and sale of energy drinks as recommended by fssai taurine is limited to 2000 mg day d glucuronic y lactone is limited to 1200 mg day inositol is limited to 100 mg day and pantothenic acid is l...