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thermal energy 7 natural gas 8 challenges and future outlook toggle challenges and future outlook subsection 8 1 hezbollah s influence 9 2025 10 see also 11 references toggle the table of contents energy in lebanon 2 languages العربية français edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia this article may incorporate text from a large language model which is prohibited in wikipedia articles it may include hallucinated information copyright violations claims not verified in cited sources original research or fictitious references any such material should be removed september 2025 learn how and when to remove this message electricity generation in lebanon in terawatt hours energy in lebanon is heavily reliant on imported fossil fuels which has led to significant challenges in ensuring a stable and sufficient supply of electricity 1 the country s energy sector has been severely affected by a combination of internal political instability external conflicts and systemic corruption the reliance on imported energy along with growing demand and frequent problems with infrastructure has caused an ongoing energy crisis this crisis has become worse over the years because of the destructive effects of military conflicts involving hezbollah mainly the wars against israel and the syrian civil war which took a heavy tole on the country s infrastructure and economy 2 3 4 in august 2024 the situation reached a critical point when fuel reserves were completely depleted leading to a nationwide blackout 5 in 2009 the primary energy use in lebanon was 77 twh 18 mwh per capita 6 7 by 2019 the total solar pv capacity was 78 mw 8 and it reached 1300 mw at the end of 2023 9 overview edit energy in lebanon 10 capita prim energy production import electricity co 2 emission million twh twh twh twh mt 2004 3 54 63 3 60 8 85 15 29 2007 4 10 46 2 46 8 97 11 35 2008 4 14 61 2 61 9 51 15 23 2009 4 22 77 2 78 13 14 19 33 change 2004 2009 19 23 26 29 48 26 mtoe 11 63 twh prim energy includes energy losses primary energy edit fossil fuels primarily petroleum provide the overwhelming majority of lebanon s energy supply since the country produces negligible amounts fossil fuel it is almost completely dependent on foreign imports in particular almost all energy in lebanon comes from imported petroleum in 2023 lebanon produced and consumed energy as follows in units of quadrillion btu 11 production consumption total energy 0 007 0 249 coal 0 000 0 004 dry natural gas 0 000 0 000 petroleum and other hydrocarbon liquids 0 000 0 237 renewables and other 0 007 0 007 history edit electricity was first introduced in lebanon by the french in the early 1900s mainly to run tramways in beirut the compagnie des tramways et de l electricité de beyrouth founded in 1906 was the first company to provide electricity in beirut in 1923 this company merged with the compagnie du gaz et de l eclairage de beyrouth which had been founded in 1895 to form the société des tramways et de l electricité 12 13 by the 1950s electricity generation in lebanon was managed by approximately 30 private companies operating in different regions 13 in 1954 the lebanese government established électricité du liban edl under the name office d electricité et des transports en commun marking the beginning of state control over the electricity sector 14 the government invested heavily in building infrastructure such as the first major thermoelectric plant in zouk which began operations in 1956 initially the focus was on hydroelectric power which by 1963 constituted more than half of the country s electricity production the creation of the qaraoun dam in 1961 feeding a series of hydroelectric plants was a major achievement of this period 15 however due to favorable access to cheap fuel from iraq and saudi arabia lebanon gradually shifted its focus to thermoelectric plants 16 the nationalization of the electricity sector in 1964 allowed edl to dominate the market however it coexisted with independent entities managing the hydropower plants on the litani nahr ibrahim and bared rivers as well as local distribution concessions in towns like zahlé jbeil aley and bhamdoun 16 17 electricity edit see also list of power stations in lebanon even after decades of investment lebanon s electricity generation capacity does not manage to meet the needs of its growing population back in august 2016 the peak electricity demand in the country was 3 500 mw but the grid s total capacity was only 2 200 mw 18 this gap has led to frequent and widespread blackouts forcing many lebanese households and businesses to rely on private diesel generators which are both costly and environmentally damaging 19 20 the situation deteriorated further in 2021 when karpowership a turkish company providing lebanon with 370 mw of electricity through power ships halted supplies due to payment arrears and legal disputes this exacerbated the electricity shortages leading to near total blackouts across the country 21 18 22 in august 2024 the algerian government stated it will send immediate fuel supply following the large blackout in lebanon 23 qaraoun dam mv karadeniz powership orhan bey solar power edit main article solar power in lebanon in response to the energy crisis lebanon has seen a significant increase in solar power installations the expansion of solar energy has been supported by the net metering policy adopted by edl which simplifies the legal and technical processes for individuals and companies to install solar systems 24 from a total solar pv capacity of 100 mw in 2020 lebanon increased this to 450 mw by 2022 with all additions coming from off grid solar systems installed by citizens and businesses 25 26 a comprehensive survey of 150 municipalities across all lebanese governorates reveals a substantial rise in the percentage of residential commercial and industrial units equipped with solar pv systems the average per governorate increased from 3 3 in 2019 to 16 6 in 2023 27 geothermal energy edit main article geothermal energy in lebanon natural gas edit arab gas pipeline route lebanon s efforts to diversify its energy sources have included the use of natural gas the arab gas pipeline which began operations in lebanon in 2009 supplies egyptian natural gas to the deir ammar power station although this supply has been inconsistent due to regional geopolitical issues 28 in 2021 lebanon announced a plan to re route its natural gas imports through jordan to produce electricity for the lebanese grid via syria however the implementation of this plan has been delayed due to logistical and political challenges 22 in january 2026 it was reported that a deal was signed between the lebanon s energy ministry and consortium made up of totalenergies eni and qatar petroleum that will make a seismic survey in block 8 29 challenges and future outlook edit the energy sector in lebanon remains fraught with challenges including financial constraints political interference and corruption the influence of hezbollah and the ongoing conflicts in the region have further complicated efforts to reform and stabilize the sector reforms have been proposed including increasing electricity tariffs to reduce subsidies and aligning electricity production with economic realities but these have faced strong opposition given the already dire economic situation of many lebanese citizens 9 lebanon s future energy outlook will depend on its ability to implement long overdue reforms secure consistent fuel supplies and expand renewable energy sources like solar and wind power however the path to energy stability is likely to be long and complex requiring both domestic political consensus and international support 9 hezbollah s influence edit hezbollah a prominent political and militant organization in lebanon has significantly influenced the country s energy sector through its broader political and military activities the group s involvement in regional conflicts particularly wars with israel and participation in the syrian civil war has led to substantial damage to lebanon s infrastructure including energy facilities and diverted resources away from critical investments as a dominant political force hezbollah s control over certain regions and its strategic alliances have complicated efforts to implement necessary reforms in the energy sector moreover international sanctions linked to hezbollah s activities have isolated lebanon economically making it difficult for the country to secure foreign investments and partnerships essential for developing its energy infrastructure 30 these factors have contributed to lebanon s ongoing energy crisis characterized by frequent power shortages and heavy reliance on costly fuel imports in august 2024 the situation reached a critical point when fuel reserves were completely depleted leading to a nationwide blackout 5 2025 edit by 2025 lebanon s energy sector had made some progress but many problems remained the government received a us 250 million loan from the world bank to help improve the electricity sector repair the power grid and strengthen management including creating a long delayed electricity regulator renewable energy especially solar power continued to grow mostly through private and small scale systems making up almost one third of total electricity capacity several new solar power contracts were signed and updated national plans stressed the need to upgrade the electricity grid and add energy storage at the same time offshore oil and gas exploration made little progress keeping lebanon dependent on imported fuel ongoing power cuts heavy use of diesel generators lack of funding and political instability continued to slow recovery of the energy sector 31 32 33 see also edit wikimedia commons has media related to energy in lebanon list of power stations in lebanon trans arabian pipeline list of renewable energy topics by country and territory mv karadeniz powership orhan bey mv karadeniz powership fatmagül sultan references edit lebanon countries regions iea iea retrieved 6 july 2020 tamo omar 2024 08 17 lebanon faces power blackout as clashes with israel intensify bnn bloomberg retrieved 2024 08 18 karam matthieu 2018 01 31 électricité au liban ce qu il faut savoir pour comprendre une crise qui va crescendo l orient le jour in french retrieved 2020 02 26 electricité du liban symbole de la faillite des élites politiques l opinion in french 2019 10 25 retrieved 2020 02 27 1 2 lebanon seeks urgent solution to electricity crisis to avoid blackout arab news 2022 08 26 retrieved 2024 08 18 iea key energy statistics 2011 archived 2011 10 27 at the wayback machine page country specific indicator numbers from page 48 lebanon power outage will last several days official says the 2019 solar pv status report for lebanon pdf lebanese center for energy conservation 20 march 2021 1 2 3 vers la fin du boom des panneaux solaires au liban 18 may 2024 iea key world energy statistics 2011 archived 2011 10 27 at the wayback machine 2010 archived 2010 10 11 at the wayback machine 2009 archived 2013 10 07 at the wayback machine 2006 archived 2009 10 12 at the wayback machine iea october crude oil p 11 coal p 13 gas p 15 lebanon u s energy information administration 2023 retrieved 23 july 2025 société anonyme ottomane des tramways et d électricité de beyrouth pdf entreprises coloniales 1 2 al saleh mohammed ali 2013 france syrie et liban 1918 1946 les ambiguïtés et les dynamiques de la relation mandataire robert blecher jérôme bocquet edmond chidiac carla eddé pierre fournié abdallah hanna damas presses de l ifpo isbn 978 2 531 59447 0 oclc 960811321 جدلية jadaliyya on power cuts protests and institutions a brief history of electricity in beirut part one jadaliyya جدلية retrieved 2022 05 02 2014 07 edl conflict starting july 11 2014 civil society knowledge centre retrieved 2022 05 02 1 2 sanlaville paul 1965 l électricité au liban revue de géographie de lyon 40 4 367 379 doi 10 3406 geoca 1965 1787 about edl 2006 05 19 archived from the original on 19 may 2006 retrieved 2022 05 02 1 2 turkey s karpowership shuts down power to lebanon reuters 14 may 2021 lebanon energy plan power technology energy news and market analysis 24 may 2019 archived from the original on 7 november 2020 retrieved 6 july 2020 moore henrietta l collins hannah february 2020 decentralised renewable energy and prosperity for lebanon pdf energy policy 137 111102 bibcode 2020enpol 13711102m doi 10 1016 j enpol 2019 111102 s2cid 211353979 turkish firm just cut the electricity supply to lebanon the961 com 14 may 2021 1 2 egypt to export gas to jordan to secure electricity for lebanon beirut egypt today 19 august 2021 algeria provides emergency fuel aid to lebanon oilprice com retrieved 2024 09 17 decision no 318 32 2011 issam shabani mohammad chaaban 2020 technical overview of the net metering in lebanon trends in renewable energy 6 3 266 284 doi 10 17737 tre 2020 6 3 00126 chasing the sun day 2 8 september 2022 retrieved 2023 04 12 fayssal nora al tawil lara danageuzian hrair sabat mira elmerehbi hana darazi dovan sabat macole roukos roy abou dargham sara romanos jimmy 2024 05 01 navigating the water energy nexus amidst the lebanese economic crisis aqua water infrastructure ecosystems and society 73 5 917 929 bibcode 2024awies 73 917f doi 10 2166 aqua 2024 329 issn 2709 8028 lebanon receives egypt gas to run power plant downstream today mcclatchy tribune information services 20 october 2009 retrieved 24 october 2009 lebanon to sign block 8 seismic survey deal consortium may decide on drilling after surveys lbciv7 retrieved 2026 01 08 serim sena lebanon plunges into darkness as last power plant runs out of fuel lebanon faces nationwide power outage after fuel shortage retrieved 2024 08 18 thebeiruter the beiruter lebanon s electricity sector a path to reform thebeiruter retrieved 2025 12 21 jowett lebanon s ministry of energy has entered into power purchase agreements with france s cma cgm for three solar projects each with a capacity of 15 mw patrick 2025 09 25 lebanon inks three ppas for 45 mw of solar pv magazine international retrieved 2025 12 21 cite web cs1 maint numeric names authors list link renewable energy capacity reaches 1 297 mw at end 2024 grows by 18 during 2015 24 period 2025 v t e energy in the middle east bahrain cyprus egypt iran iraq israel jordan kuwait lebanon oman palestine qatar saudi arabia syria turkey united arab emirates yemen v t e energy policy of the middle east bahrain cyprus egypt iran iraq israel jordan kuwait lebanon oman palestine qatar saudi arabia syria turkey unite...