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l industry safety directorate ministry of petroleum and natural gas oil and natural gas corporation and cairn energy and government of india dispute see also electricity sector in india nuclear power in india solar power in india wind power in india renewable energy in india and biofuel in india see also petrol stations in india electric vehicle india and taxation in india iraq edit main article iraq oil law 2007 the iraqi oil ministry awards contracts to only a few companies these contracts are called production sharing agreements as of july 2014 there are 23 established oil companies but only 17 banking corporations in iraq israel edit the israel energy sources law 5750 1989 energy law defines what is considered as energy and energy source and its purpose is to regulate the exploitation of energy sources whilst ensuring the efficiently of its use under the energy law certain regulation methods of measurement have been nominated by the israel legislature in order to regulate the efficiency of the use of the energy source in addition to which entity shall be entitled to the pursuit and use of such sources furthermore in israel there are certain additional laws that deal with the use of energy sources such as the natural gas sector law 56 5762 2002 which provides the conditions for the development of the natural gas sphere in israel and the electricity sector law 5756 1996 which established the public utility authority electricity which publishes directives and regulations for the use of renewable electricity sources including solar energy and hydro energy japan edit see also japan oil gas and metals national corporation japanese atomic energy commission nuclear power in japan and energy in japan the 2011 fukushima daiichi nuclear disaster the world s worst nuclear accident since 1986 displaced 50 000 households after radiation leaked into the air soil and sea 57 radiation checks led to bans of some shipments of vegetables and fish 58 prior to the earthquake and tsunami of march 2011 and the nuclear disasters that resulted from it japan generated 30 of its electrical power from nuclear reactors and planned to increase that share to 40 59 nuclear energy was a national strategic priority in japan but there had been concern about the ability of japan s nuclear plants to withstand seismic activity the kashiwazaki kariwa nuclear power plant was completely shut down for 21 months following an earthquake in 2007 60 the 2011 earthquake and tsunami caused the failure of cooling systems at the fukushima i nuclear power plant on march 11 and a nuclear emergency was declared 140 000 residents were evacuated the total amount of radioactive material released is unclear as the crisis is ongoing 61 on 6 may 2011 prime minister naoto kan ordered the hamaoka nuclear power plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8 0 or higher is likely to hit the area within the next 30 years 62 63 64 65 66 problems in stabilizing the fukushima i nuclear plant had hardened attitudes to nuclear power as of june 2011 more than 80 percent of japanese now say they are anti nuclear and distrust government information on radiation 67 68 69 as of october 2011 there have been electricity shortages but japan survived the summer without the extensive blackouts that had been predicted 70 71 72 an energy white paper approved by the japanese cabinet in october 2011 says public confidence in safety of nuclear power was greatly damaged by the fukushima disaster and calls for a reduction in the nation s reliance on nuclear power 73 many of japan s nuclear plants have been closed or their operation has been suspended for safety inspections the last of japan s 54 reactors tomari 3 went offline for maintenance on may 5 2012 74 leaving japan completely without nuclear produced electrical power for the first time since 1970 despite protests on 1 july 2012 unit 3 of the ōi nuclear power plant was restarted 75 as of september 2012 ōi units 3 and 4 are japan s only operating nuclear power plants although the city and prefecture of osaka have requested they be shut down 76 the united states japan joint nuclear energy action plan is a bilateral agreement aimed at putting in place a framework for the joint research and development of nuclear energy technology which was signed on april 18 2007 77 it is believed that the agreement is the first that the us has signed to develop nuclear power technologies with another country 78 although japan has agreements with australia canada china france and the united kingdom 79 under the plan the united states and japan would each conduct research into fast reactor technology fuel cycle technology advanced computer simulation and modeling small and medium reactors safeguards and physical protection and nuclear waste management which it to be coordinated by a joint steering committee 80 the treaty s progress has been in limbo since the fukushima i nuclear accidents the japan oil gas and metals national corporation jogmec is a government owned company involved in fossil fuel energy exploration amongst other activities in 2013 its corporate workers first extracted methane clathrate from seabed deposits 81 82 malaysia edit main article energy policy of malaysia see also energy commission malaysia sabah electricity sarawak electricity supply corporation biofuel policy of malaysia and tenaga nasional berhad malaysia heavily regulates its energy sector from 1982 to 1992 the government of sabah owned sabah gas industries for the downstream operations of sabah natural gas resources based in labuan malaysia 83 84 85 which was put up for privatization 85 86 its methanol plant was sold to petronas and operates today as petronas methanol labuan sdn bhd 83 87 88 the power station was sold to sabah electricity 83 mexico edit see also pemex mexico had numerous laws that subsidize oil until c 2017 pemex a government company in charge of selling oil in mexico is subsidized by the mexican government this serves to quell inflationary pressures in mexico mexico buys much of its gasoline and diesel from the united states and resells it at us 98 per barrel many residents of us border communities cross the border to buy fuel in mexico 89 thereby enjoying a cheaper fuel subsidy at the expense of mexican taxpayers this has caused frequent supply shortages at a number of filling stations along the border for mexican drivers especially truck and bus drivers who use diesel 90 in 2017 mexico ended its oil industry subsidies leading to increased prices and widespread protests throughout the country 91 pakistan edit further information power secretary of pakistan and petroleum secretary of pakistan philippines edit main article philippine energy law philippines law has provisions concerning energy fossil fuels and renewable energy 92 energy law in the philippines is important because that nation is one of the fastest growing in asia and has over 90 million residents the earliest philippine energy law dates from 1903 during the american commonwealth act no 667 concerning franchises for utilities 92 93 and act no 1022 which allowed such to have mortgages 94 a uniform law in 1929 allowed for new utilities 92 95 the first coal mining law known as the coal land act dates to 1917 92 96 oil exploration was allowed in a 1920 law 92 97 the mining act 1936 98 has been amended several times by acts and decrees 92 99 the first hydroelectric power law dates from 1933 92 100 and have been updated since including one that created the national power corporation 101 and has been amended several times through 1967 92 102 the renewable energy law 2009 encourages the development and use of non traditional energy sources 103 russia edit main articles energy policy of russia and ministry of energy russia saudi arabia edit main article saudi arabia energy law saudi arabia has some laws concerning energy especially oil and gas law saudi arabia is the largest oil producer in the world and therefore its energy law has great influence over the world s overall energy supply under the basic law of saudi arabia all its oil and gas wealth belongs to the government all allah s bestowed wealth be it under the ground on the surface or in national territorial waters in the land or maritime domains under the state s control are the property of the state as defined by law the law defines means of exploiting protecting and developing such wealth in the interests of the state its security and economy 104 energy taxes are also specifically allowed article 20 of the basic law states taxes and fees are to be imposed on a basis of justice and only when the need for them arises imposition amendment revocation and exemption are only permitted by law 105 two ministries of the kingdom of saudi arabia share the responsibility of the energy sector the ministry of energy and the ministry of water and electricity 106 107 the country s laws have also established other agencies that have some legal powers but are not strictly regulatory these include saudi aramco originally a joint venture between the kingdom and the california arabian standard oil but now wholly owned by the kingdom and saudi consolidated electricity companies scecos citation needed singapore edit see also energy carta energy market authority energy studies institute and energy in singapore south america edit further information energy in south america south korea edit further information korea coal corporation sri lanka edit main article sri lanka electricity act 2024 sri lanka s energy law has undergone significant reforms to enhance efficiency attract investment and promote renewable energy with a growing population and increasing energy demand these reforms are critical for sustainable development the earliest laws governing energy in sri lanka include the ceylon electricity board act no 17 of 1969 which established the state owned ceylon electricity board ceb to manage electricity generation transmission and distribution this act was a cornerstone in centralising the country s electricity sector but faced criticism for inefficiencies and financial challenges significant updates came with the sri lanka electricity act no 20 of 2009 which aimed to introduce more competition and regulatory oversight however it was the sri lanka electricity act no 36 of 2024 that marked a major overhaul of the sector this act established the national electricity advisory council and designated the public utilities commission of sri lanka pucsl as the main regulator the 2024 act promotes market competition facilitates private sector investment and encourages the use of renewable energy sources 108 turkey edit main article energy in turkey policy and regulation see also wind power in turkey turkey s old petroleum law was in effect for 70 years until 2013 when it enacted a new petroleum law number 6491 amongst other provisions it extends the permissible years for drilling permits reduces a fee and eliminates a state monopoly 109 united kingdom edit main articles energy policy of the united kingdom and atomic energy authority act see also biodiesel in the united kingdom energy in the united kingdom energy use and conservation in the united kingdom renewable energy in scotland british energy oil depletion analysis centre electricity act 1989 petroleum act 1998 and inter regalia scots law the united kingdom started the process of leaving the european community as of january 2020 the most recent united kingdom energy law passed is great british energy act 2025 united states edit see also united states energy law oil and gas law in the united states and energy policy of the united states this section concerns the law of the united states as well as the states that are the most populous or largest producers of energy in the united states energy is regulated extensively through the united states department of energy as well as state regulatory agencies every state the federal government and the district of columbia collect some motor vehicle excise taxes 110 specifically these are excise taxes on gasoline diesel fuel and gasohol 110 while many states in the western u s rely to a great deal on severance taxes taxes on mineral extraction most states get a relatively small amount of their revenue from such sources 111 see also edit energy portal environment portal effects of 2000s energy crisis list of years in the environment general energy topics edit energy form energy conservation energy economics energy conversion efficiency energy markets and energy derivatives hydraulic fracturing induced seismicity list of energy topics world energy resources and consumption world oil market chronology from 2003 specific laws and policies edit 2026 iran war atomic energy basic law conflict minerals law correlative rights doctrine cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos easement electric bicycle laws energy policy of the european union energy charter treaty energy star energy security environmental crime feebate feed in tariff gasoline and diesel usage and pricing list of energy regulatory bodies list of environmental lawsuits natural resources consumption tax nuclear energy policy nuclear labor issues production sharing agreement academic think tanks and associations edit alliance to save energy centre for energy petroleum and mineral law and policy renewable energy and energy efficiency partnership retscreen the energy and resources institute université laval university of wyoming renewable and alternative energy sources edit part of a series on renewable energy biofuel biogas biomass carbon neutral fuel crosswind kite power geothermal energy geothermal heating geothermal power hydroelectricity run of the river hydropower micro hydro pico hydro small hydro marine current power marine energy ocean thermal osmotic power solar energy solar power sustainable biofuel tidal power tidal stream generator wave power wind power nuclear power proposed as renewable energy topics by country and territory marketing and policy trends v t e alternative propulsion clean energy trends clean tech nation concentrated solar power efficient energy use electric vehicle geothermal power global warming green banking hydro one intermittent power source international symposium on alcohol fuels list of renewable energy topics by country ocean energy passive solar building design photovoltaic power station plug in hybrid renewable energy commercialization renewable heat solar power sustainable design the clean tech revolution v2g awards and standards edit ashden awards iso 14001 leadership in energy and environmental design leed references edit search engine results for international energy law reveals over 15 000 titles see google search results retrieved march 10 2009 international energy law contracts and negotiations pdf rocky mountain mineral law foundation archived from the original brochure on march 20 2009 international bar association section on energy and natural resources law 1984 in...