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Text of the page (random words):
english based creole languages wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 origin 2 table of creole languages toggle table of creole languages subsection 2 1 atlantic 2 1 1 western caribbean 2 1 2 eastern caribbean 2 1 3 southern caribbean 2 1 4 north america 2 1 5 west africa 2 2 pacific 3 marginal 4 other 5 see also 6 notes 7 references 8 further reading 9 external links toggle the table of contents english based creole languages 17 languages বাংলা čeština deutsch español euskara suomi français magyar 한국어 nederlands polski português русский svenska türkçe 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia creole language derived from the english language english creole redirects here not to be confused with middle english creole hypothesis part of a series on the british african caribbean community community and subgroups antiguans bajans guyanese grenadians jamaicans kittians and nevisians montserratians saint lucians vincentians trinidadians history british rule of the caribbean decline and legacy of the british empire hmt empire windrush languages british english caribbean english multicultural london english creole languages english based french based culture caribbean music in the uk people antiguans bajans dominicans guyanese jamaicans montserratians trinidadians v t e an english based creole language often shortened to english creole is a creole language for which english was the lexifier meaning that at the time of its formation the vocabulary of english served as the basis for the majority of the creole s lexicon 1 most english creoles were formed in british colonies following the great expansion of british naval military power and trade in the 17th 18th and 19th centuries the main categories of english based creoles are atlantic the americas and africa and pacific asia and oceania over 76 5 million people globally are estimated to speak an english based creole sierra leone nigeria ghana and jamaica have the largest concentrations of creole speakers origin edit it is disputed to what extent the various english based creoles of the world share a common origin the monogenesis hypothesis 2 3 posits that a single language commonly called proto pidgin english spoken along the west african coast in the early sixteenth century was ancestral to most or all of the atlantic creoles the english creoles of both west africa and the americas table of creole languages edit name spoken in number of speakers 4 notes atlantic edit western caribbean edit bahamian creole bahamas 328 000 2018 turks and caicos creole english turks and caicos 34 400 2019 bay islands english honduras 22 500 2001 jamaican patois jamaica 3 043 280 2001 belizean creole belize 170 000 2014 miskito coast creole nicaragua 18 400 2009 dialect rama cay creole limonese creole costa rica 55 100 2013 dialect of jamaican patois bocas del toro creole panama 268 000 2000 san andrés providencia creole colombia 12 000 1981 eastern caribbean edit virgin islands creole us virgin islands british virgin islands sint maarten puerto rico 10 saint martin sint eustatius saba 89 700 2019 anguillan creole anguilla 11 500 2001 dialect of antiguan and barbudan creole barbudan creole antigua and barbuda 1 400 2011 north antiguan creole 48 000 2011 south antiguan creole 6 800 2011 saint kitts creole saint kitts and nevis 51 000 2015 montserrat creole montserrat 5 130 2020 kokoy dominica unknown growing 11 vincentian creole saint vincent and the grenadines 108 000 2016 grenadian creole grenada 107 000 2020 tobagonian creole trinidad and tobago 300 000 2011 trinidadian creole 1 000 000 2011 bajan dialect barbados 257 000 2018 guyanese creole guyana 715 200 2021 sranan tongo suriname 669 600 2016 2018 including 150 000 l2 users saramaccan 34 500 2018 ndyuka 67 800 2018 dialects aluku paramaccan kwinti 250 2018 southern caribbean edit venezuelan english creole venezuela unknown likely endangered 2018 san nicolaas english aruba 15 000 estimation 2020 spoken in san nicolaas aruba north america edit gullah united states 300 2023 ethnic population 250 000 afro seminole creole united states mexico 200 1990 12 13 a dialect of the gullah language west africa edit krio sierra leone 8 237 900 2019 including 7 420 000 l2 speakers kreyol liberia 5 113 000 2015 including 5 000 000 l2 speakers ghanaian pidgin ghana 5 002 000 2026 15 including 5 000 000 l2 speakers nigerian pidgin nigeria 120 650 000 including 116 000 000 l2 users cameroonian pidgin cameroon 12 000 000 2017 equatorial guinean pidgin equatorial guinea 200 000 2020 including 185 000 l2 users 2020 pacific edit hawaiian pidgin b hawaii united states 600 000 2015 including 400 000 l2 users 21 ngatikese creole micronesia 700 1983 tok pisin papua new guinea 4 125 740 including 4 000 000 l2 users 2001 pijin solomon islands 564 000 2012 2019 530 000 l2 users 1999 bislama vanuatu 12 570 2011 pitcairn norfolk pitcairn norfolk island 1 786 almost no l2 users has been classified as an atlantic creole based on internal structure 22 australian kriol australia 17 160 including 10 000 l2 users 1991 torres strait creole 6 170 2016 bonin english bonin islands japan possibly 1 000 2000 2004 citation needed marginal edit bonin english sometimes considered a mixed language iyaric rastafarian jamaican maroon spirit possession language other edit not strictly creoles but sometimes called thus bay islands english cayman islands english see also edit list of english based pidgins middle english creole hypothesis world englishes belter creole notes edit according to encyclopedia britannica black seminoles have also been known as seminole maroons or seminole freedmen and were a group of free blacks and runaway slaves who joined with a group of native americans in florida after the spanish abolished slavery there in 1793 14 although hawaii is part of the united states hawaiian pidgin is mostly considered as a pacific creole language rather than atlantic this is further mentioned in john holm s an introduction to pidgins and creoles therefore it does not have to follow its political boundaries on being a u s state 16 references edit velupillai viveka 2015 pidgins creoles and mixed languages amsterdam john benjamins publishing company p 519 isbn 978 90 272 5272 2 hancock i f 1969 a provisional comparison of the english based atlantic creoles african language review 8 7 72 gilman charles 1978 a comparison of jamaican creole and cameroon pidgin english english studies 59 57 65 doi 10 1080 00138387808597871 eberhard david m simons gary f fennig charles d eds 2022 ethnologue languages of the world 25th ed dallas texas sil international virgin islands english creole ethnologue retrieved 27 march 2023 villanueva feliciano orville omar 2009 a contrastive analysis of english influences on the lexicon of puerto rican spanish in puerto rico and st croix virgin islands creole english find a bible retrieved 11 february 2023 staff consortium what does the usvi and puerto rico have in common a summary of a stimulating discussion on self determination in the virgin islands the virgin islands consortium retrieved 10 july 2022 sprawe gilbert a about man betta man fission and fusion and creole calypso and cultural survival in the virgin islands pdf retrieved 6 april 2023 5 6 7 8 9 dominica fights to save creole forged by slaves in caribbean associated press 2021 07 02 retrieved 2025 07 13 afro seminole creole ethnologue retrieved 11 february 2023 creoles in texas the afro seminoles kreol magazine march 28 2014 accessed april 11 2018 kuiper kathleen black seminoles in encyclopedia britannica accessed april 13 2018 ethnologue 2026 ghanaian pidgin english holm john a 2000 an introduction to pidgin and creoles cambridge england cambridge university press p 95 isbn 9780521584609 sasaoka kyle 2019 toward a writing system for hawai i creole scholarspace velupillai viveka 2013 hawai i creole pp 252 261 isbn 978 0 19 969140 1 cite book journal ignored help hawai i pidgin ethnologue retrieved 2018 06 25 velupillai viveka 2013 hawai i creole structure dataset atlas of pidgin and creole language structures online leipzig max planck institute for evolutionary anthropology retrieved 2021 08 20 17 18 19 20 avram andrei 2003 pitkern and norfolk revisited english today 19 1 44 49 doi 10 1017 s0266078403003092 s2cid 144835575 further reading edit holm john a ed 1983 central american english heidelberg julius groos verlag isbn 3 87276 295 8 holm john a 1989 english based varieties pidgins and creoles vol 2 reference survey cambridge university press pp 405 551 isbn 978 0 521 35940 5 holm john a 2000 an introduction to pidgins and creoles cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 58581 1 schreier daniel trudgill peter schneider edgar w williams jeffrey p eds 2010 the lesser known varieties of english an introduction cambridge university press isbn 978 1 139 48741 2 arends jacques muysken pieter smith norval 1995 pidgins and creoles an introduction john benjamins publishing isbn 90 272 5236 x external links edit atlas of pidgin and creole language structures v t e english based creole languages of the caribbean anguilla antigua and barbuda bahamas barbados belize bermuda bocas del toro cayman islands grenada guyana jamaica limón mosquito coast montserrat rama cay roatán saint kitts samaná san andrés saint vincent suriname tobago trinidad turks and caicos islands virgin islands v t e dialects and accents of modern english by continent europe great britain england north cheshire cumbria barrow lancashire liverpool scouse manchester northumbria pitmatic sunderland tyneside geordie teesside yorkshire midlands east midlands west midlands birmingham black country stoke on trent south east anglia norfolk london thames estuary cockney multicultural received pronunciation west country bristol cornwall dorset scotland glasgow highlands wales abercraf cardiff gower port talbot european union ireland dublin south west ulster north euro english channel islands gibraltar isle of man malta americas north america canada aboriginal atlantic lunenburg newfoundland multicultural toronto ottawa valley quebec standard canadian united states midland new england boston east maine west new york city accent north inland north north central philadelphia baltimore south accent appalachia chesapeake outer banks new orleans older south texas west california pacific northwest western pennsylvania social and ethno cultural african american vernacular american indian cajun chicano general american good american speech miami latino new york latino northeastern elite pennsylvania dutch caribbean antigua and barbuda the bahamas barbados bequia cayman islands bay islands guyanese english jamaica saba samaná trinidad and tobago bermuda falkland islands oceania australia variation accent aboriginal cultivated south torres strait west fiji new zealand accent palau solomon islands africa cameroon the gambia ghana kenya liberia malawi namibia nigeria rwanda sierra leone south africa accent cape flats south atlantic uganda zimbabwe asia east asia hong kong south asia bangladesh india regional and occupational maldives nepal pakistan sri lanka southeast asia brunei cambodia malaysia myanmar philippines singapore thailand antarctica antarctica related english language basic broad and general accents commonwealth comparison of american and british english e prime engrish english as a lingua franca english based creole languages englishisation globish gogate nerrière international jewish english yeshiva english learning linguistic purism in english list of english based pidgins non native pronunciations of english plain queen s latin standard v t e english based creole languages africa krio sierra leone aku the gambia merico west africa cameroon ghana liberia nigeria pichinglis equatorial guinea caribbean eastern antigua and barbuda anguilla barbuda kokoy montserrat north antiguan saint kitts south antiguan barbados grenada gullah united states afro seminole creole united states guyana kwinti suriname ndyuka french guiana and suriname aluku french guiana and suriname saramaccan french guiana and suriname english and portuguese based matawai suriname sranan tongo suriname tobago trinidad saint vincent virgin islands western bahamas belize jamaican maroon jamaican patois bocas del toro panama limonese creole costa rica miskito coast nicaragua rama cay nicaragua san andrés providencia colombia turks and caicos asia and the pacific australian aborginal bonin islands hawaiian pidgin melanesia bislama vanuatu pijin solomon islands tok pisin papua new guinea ngatikese creole micronesia pitcairn norfolk torres strait islands authority control databases international gnd national united states israel other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title english based_creole_languages oldid 1379639712 category english based pidgins and creoles hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata language articles citing ethnologue 25 cs1 errors periodical ignored all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from december 2022 cs1 long volume value this page was last edited on 11 october 2026 at 02 46 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents english based creole languages 17 languages add topic