Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

in, english, medium, education, emi, china, schools, instruction, bangladesh, contents, by, country, criticisms, of, see, also, references, sources, and, further, reading, external, links, canada, wales, ireland, scotland, cornwall, india, malaysia, indonesia, pakistan, rwanda, myanmar, the, philippines, italy, slovenia, kyrgyzstan, south, africa, europe, asia, japan, primary, secondary, higher, colonial, milner, mainland, hong, kong,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (513), english (238), and (225), education (127), language (107), #schools (107), #medium (100), for (61), from (51), isbn (48), that (48), retrieved (43), instruction (42), edit (41), this (39), with (39), has (37), was (35), are (34), which (33), university (32), gaelic (29), were (29), 2018 (27), students (27), higher (26), april (25), international (25), december (25), emi (25), taught (25), may (24), teaching (24), there (24), wales (24), all (22), universities (22), school (21), their (21), british (20), 2017 (20), not (20), welsh (20), some (20), been (20), archived (19), national (19), also (19), policy (17), courses (17), scotland (17), original (17), china (17), government (17), have (17), italian (16), linguistic (16), press (15), 978 (15), system (15), century (15), these (15), learning (14), india (14), children (14), but (14), number (14), languages (13), september (13), global (13), history (13), doi (13), who (13), european (12), journal (12), its (12), 2016 (12), social (12), primary (12), official (12), they (12), years (12), use (11), sources (11), cultural (11), irish (11), world (11), only (11), 2010 (11), www (11), speaking (11), pdf (11), such (11), 2014 (11), between (11), other (11), where (11), used (11), through (11), non (10), oxford (10), article (10), more (10), issn (10), private (10), had (10), secondary (10), would (10), foreign (9), imperialism (9), spread (9), 2003 (9), local (9), development (9), 2015 (9), first (9), country (9), new (9), many (9), main (9), when (9), about (8), review (8), robert (8), phillipson (8), native (8), ministry (8), states (8), early (8), ireland (8), since (8), another (8), one (8), level (8), established (8), section (8), provided (8), made (8), canada (8), wikipedia (7), 2026 (7), articles (7), links (7), diversity (7), council (7), move (7), critical (7), politics (7), book (7), europe (7), london (7), speakers (7), educational (7), into (7), free (7), state (7), cite (7), economic (7), indian (7), help (7), cornwall (7), scottish (7), united (7), western (7), rural (7), areas (7), several (7), his (7), learn (7), program (7), over (7), high (7), italy (7), middle (7), county (7), under (6), cs1 (6), february (6), 2020 (6), minority (6), machine (6), eds (6), multilingual (6), teachers (6), justice (6), further (6), countries (6), 2019 (6), hong (6), programmes (6), link (6), s2cid (6), studies (6), northern (6), kyrgyz (6), science (6), january (6), bangladesh (6), 2011 (6), 2008 (6), indonesia (6), plus (6), can (6), any (6), phenomenon (6), colonial (6), until (6), out (6), content (6), due (6), both (6), among (6), according (6), them (6), increased (6), increase (6), master (6), etps (6), during (6), however (6), act (6), malaysia (6), royal (6), toggle (5), contents (5), additional (5), using (5), page (5), dead (5), 1831 (5), lawrence (5), erlbaum (5), associates (5), 8058 (5), thomas (5), pakistan (5), matters (5), routledge (5), 2001 (5), central (5), issue (5), cit (5), christian (5), growing (5), demand (5), kong (5), than (5), 2012 (5), republic (5), baccalaureate (5), rwanda (5), asia (5), west (5), cornish (5), college (5), literature (5), study (5), became (5), problems (5), japanese (5), recent (5), criticisms (5), way (5), improve (5), order (5), offer (5), known (5), although (5), research (5), different (5), two (5), church (5), how (5), introduced (5), information (5), upper (5), followed (5), following (5), french (5), acts (5), search (4), available (4), maint (4), external (4), references (4), wayback (4), rights (4), org (4), empire (4), identity (4), multicultural (4), 1981 (4), ostaig (4), applied (4), practice (4), culture (4), james (4), 2000 (4), policies (4), 1996 (4), 2005 (4), 1999 (4), elt (4), piller (4), pennycook (4), alastair (4), 1993 (4), teach (4), 2006 (4), 2013 (4), cambridge (4), 2002 (4), japan (4), widin (4), rankings (4), programs (4), introduction (4), julie (4), towards (4), academic (4), support (4), july (4), 2023 (4), value (4), modern (4), cape (4), society (4), parliament (4), skye (4), kingdom (4), literacy (4), gouge (4), see (4), important (4), law (4), lack (4), considered (4), mobility (4), less (4), people (4), subject (4), proficiency (4), general (4), quality (4), necessary (4), knowledge (4), student (4), especially (4), course (4), period (4), institutions (4), entirely (4), market (4), conducted (4), subjects (4), now (4), milner (4), south (4), africa (4), day (4), colony (4), educated (4), compulsory (4), kyrgyzstan (4), year (4), attend (4), programme (4), pedagogical (4), philippines (4), rule (4), administration (4), rwandan (4), began (4), gradually (4), highland (4), sspck (4), read (4), differences (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), view (3), terms (3), organization (3), last (3), october (3), 2025 (3), list (3), time (3), pages (3), second (3), majority (3), murder (3), pearse (3), august (3), what (3), vol (3), 1984 (3), role (3), david (3), common (3), sabhal (3), englishes (3), reply (3), books (3), 1995 (3), rahman (3), 200 (3), 1997 (3), ingrid (3), 415 (3), 2007 (3), discourses (3), appropriate (3), bristol (3), england (3), alan (3), canagarajah (3), suresh (3), 2021 (3), bloomsbury (3), sancho (3), guinda (3), carmen (3), breeze (3), ruth (3), 1994 (3), buachalla (3), reading (3), hultgren (3), should (3), galloway (3), kriukow (3), numajiri (3), internationalisation (3), why (3), methodology (3), chinese (3), maiworm (3), aca (3), secretariat (3), play (3), oclc (3), campus (3), 1080 (3), dearden (3), published (3), 2024 (3), pearson (3), colleges (3), declared (3), living (3), indonesian (3), malay (3), sabah (3), star (3), back (3), establish (3), will (3), choose (3), change (3), skills (3), east (3), our (3), class (3), 1900 (3), charles (3), business (3), gwynedd (3), nineteenth (3), growth (3), jones (3), 1681 (3), bilingual (3), increasingly (3), moreover (3), most (3), created (3), come (3), possibility (3), critics (3), mother (3), tongue (3), bengali (3), provide (3), understanding (3), hegemony (3), values (3), societies (3), mostly (3), associated (3), lecturers (3), well (3), access (3), urban (3), area (3), impact (3), influence (3), increasing (3), domestic (3), furthermore (3), provision (3), huge (3), mainly (3), curriculum (3), though (3), across (3), internationalization (3), set (3), founded (3), anglo (3), war (3), least (3), after (3), remove (3), message (3), please (3), unsourced (3), material (3), challenged (3), removed (3), adding (3), citations (3), reliable (3), does (3), five (3), purpose (3), american (3), sole (3), degrees (3), classes (3), particularly (3), including (3), nearly (3), myanmar (3), passed (3), rapid (3), reforms (3), minister (3), authorities (3), jobs (3), long (3), sector (3), rapidly (3), often (3), 19th (3), fluency (3), men (3), rebellion (3), isles (3), then (3), result (3), chief (3), whom (3), commissioners (3), grammar (3), 18th (3), spck (3), being (3), laws (3), quebec (3), tools (3), subsection (3), topic (2), table (2), contact (2), privacy (2), text (2), site (2), wikimedia (2), commons (2), categories (2), location (2), missing (2), publisher (2), multiple (2), names (2), authors (2), needing (2), vague (2), ambiguous (2), errors (2), ignored (2), short (2), description (2), wikidata (2), index (2), url (2), next (2), mòr (2), 1835 (2), linguistics (2), widdowson (2), asian (2), contexts (2), vienna (2), gruyter (2), skutnabb (2), kangas (2), tove (2), ricento (2), karachi (2), 85359 (2), vernacular (2), efl (2), step (2), lahore (2), 1992 (2), pedagogy (2), struggle (2), marnie (2), age (2), response (2), davies (2), crystal (2), 2004 (2), special (2), wiley (2), guide (2), martin (2), context (2), 240 (2), séamas (2), 176 (2), kubota (2), ryuko (2), blackwell (2), publishers (2), ideologies (2), dimova (2), jensen (2), jacqueline (2), illegitimate (2), practices (2), anna (2), kristina (2), november (2), times (2), good (2), idea (2), top (2), universityrankings (2), 9781847693082 (2), cooperative (2), wächter (2), bernd (2), springer (2), competencies (2), 1017 (2), perspectives (2), macaro (2), ernesto (2), three (2), 389 (2), assessment (2), stop (2), alla (2), del (2), universitaly (2), cooperation (2), association (2), website (2), find (2), miur (2), gov (2), 2009 (2), mac (2), síomóin (2), march (2), spowage (2), york (2), interface (2), guides (2), mail (2), says (2), urged (2), sarawak (2), get (2), standards (2), 0261 (2), mandatory (2), hdl (2), schooling (2), historical (2), community (2), era (2), check (2), checksum (2), hindi (2), 267 (2), report (2), prince (2), duke (2), rothesay (2), isle (2), 215314 (2), jstor (2), 2307 (2), region (2), 1503260 (2), cain (2), elementary (2), grigg (2), russell (2), gareth (2), elwyn (2), roderick (2), gordon (2), wynne (2), 0708318089 (2), dictionary (2), biography (2), 1605 (2), lingua (2), 1467 (2), 971x (2), iclhe (2), integrating (2), imperial (2), dedicated (2), admission (2), regulations (2), before (2), requirement (2), detrimental (2), effects (2), issues (2), professors (2), parts (2), nowadays (2), widely (2), instead (2), curricula (2), days (2), sometimes (2), views (2), scholars (2), addressed (2), designed (2), tend (2), leads (2), discrimination (2), texts (2), jacquelin (2), lead (2), even (2), same (2), materials (2), future (2), equal (2), socio (2), shortage (2), conditions (2), effective (2), charge (2), fees (2), very (2), form (2), seen (2), promoting (2), situation (2), adequate (2), requirements (2), achieved (2), importance (2), core (2), scholar (2), public (2), current (2), itself (2), item (2), wealth (2), enrolled (2), reasons (2), bachelor (2), 725 (2), 089 (2), concept (2), process (2), inequalities (2), involved (2), isec (2), those (2), branch (2), include (2), concerns (2), mainland (2), actually (2), sharp (2), 21st (2), beginning (2), twentieth (2), degree (2), located (2), generally (2), part (2), effect (2), recognized (2), handbooks (2), contested (2), led (2), series (2), consist (2), boys (2), pretoria (2), lord (2), operated (2), afrikaners (2), life (2), throughout (2), aimed (2), churches (2), late (2), basic (2), ages (2), four (2), exclusively (2), viewed (2), 100 (2), studying (2), slovenia (2), regarding (2), decision (2), matter (2), constitution (2), court (2), must (2), offers (2), possible (2), while (2), held (2), partially (2), integrated (2), implemented (2), third (2), aged (2), clil (2), end (2), follow (2), status (2), principles (2), literally (2), masses (2), saxon (2), based (2), model (2), funded (2), branches (2), means (2), traditionally (2), resulted (2), large (2), caused (2), rise (2), power (2), switch (2), adoption (2), establishing (2), announced (2), lessons (2), phased (2), like (2), manner (2), exist (2), later (2), drawn (2), federal (2), establishment (2), themselves (2), institute (2), systems (2), indigenous (2), charter (2), diplomacy (2), prior (2), expansion (2), stated (2), declined (2), prayer (2), formal (2), 1616 (2), without (2), here (2), great (2), north (2), highlands (2), developed (2), inverness (2), shire (2), pupils (2), attempts (2), every (2), parish (2), youth (2), inglische (2), medieval (2), send (2), heirs (2), lowlands (2), protestant (2), bed (2), never (2), small (2), traveller (2), too (2), limbs (2), jest (2), wrote (2), scheme (2), spoke (2), secretary (2), armagh (2), cavan (2), intended (2), contribute (2), object (2), child (2), charity (2), clergyman (2), circular (2), cater (2), centuries (2), latin (2), bilingualism (2), predominant (2), outside (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, apply, you, agree, registered, trademark, profit, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, periodical, webarchive, template, dmy, dates, matches, relations, https, php, title, medium_education, oldid, 1378666306, unesco, tefl, online, esl, strategies, techniques, 1815, 1914, professor, bernard, porter, graddol, seamus, dunn, colaiste, ghàidhlig, alba, minute, hon, ble, macaulay, dated, 1998b, 136, 151, theory, discourse, analysis, 1998a, 397, 401, eil, squaring, circles, 5694, tsui, amy, tollefson, appropriation, spichtinger, daniel, lexington, 7391, 0598, sonntag, selma, mouton, 014878, human, mart, rannut, john, benjamins, 55619, 670, ideology, tariq, 769, divide, ramanathan, vaidehi, 206, conscience, cowardice, rajagopalan, kanavilli, metro, printers, punjab, board, 28807, 3835, 437146, 37497, transcultural, flows, 3792, 1998, 17848, colonialism, longman, 582, 23473, stage, tario, brothers, malik, 199, 212, kramsch, klaire, patricia, sullivan, 963, 9116, right, resource, kontra, miklos, tibor, varady, 442184, holliday, adrian, 358, 360, holborrow, sage, publications, 7619, 6018, holborow, palgrave, macmillan, 4039, 8530, locating, tesol, edge, julian, 84769, 815, challenges, doiz, lasabaster, sierra, 248, 485, 596, ironising, myth, linguicism, 2nd, 521, 53032, 4593, reclaiming, 9629, terrence, 442154, resisting, 577, brutt, griffler, janina, pütz, frankfurt, lang, 221, sociocultural, constraints, cameroon, bobda, augustin, simo, 122, 132, choice, nigerian, perspective, bisong, joseph, 174, 993726, ltd, britishcouncil, multingual, 1847693068, slobodanka, walter, gmbh, 61451, 527, nicola, jaroslav, takuya, 86355, 862, investigation, movement, 21832, varsity, hkfp, cantonese, putonghua, approves, termination, cham, 3319409542, essential, 922220208, 9780199937264, sociolinguistics, cho, jinhyun, shock, korean, hit, hard, lectures, 145685083, 0266, 0784, s026607841200020x, today, knight, jane, changing, landscape, better, worse, 154581194, 13603108, 753957, 1350169760, 486, 2084, 1965, 14746, sllt, 455, attitudes, comparison, 411, 220476022, 1613, 3684, 1515, multi, 0018, multilingua, internationalised, correlation, englishisation, rank, bank, adb, cortecostituzionale, corte, costituzionale, cavadini, federica, corriere, della, sera, milano, linea, internazionale, politecnico, inglese, può, mai, sostituire, italiano, gli, atenei, presentano, camera, gazzettaufficiale, gazzetta, ufficiale, balboni, paolo, utet, università, 729959421, 9788860082725, storia, dell, educazione, linguistica, italia, dalla, legge, casati, riforma, gelmini, istruzione, urp, mhársa, magla, tomás, 1649, 3079, sanisoft, tripod, com, statecraft, samuelson, freedman, edu, residents, expats, grows, mositun, bring, approve, govt, sulok, tawie, adenan, irene, borneo, post, raymond, hickey, 280, 139, 85121, codified, varieties, around, maseeh, 3077, guardian, exodus, reshapes, quartz, obsession, depriving, real, sharma, kritika, theprint, hrd, azam, mehtabul, chin, aimee, prakash, nishith, 367, 8499836, 0013, 0079, 11244, 321264, 1086, 668277, 335, returns, kingdon, geeta, gandhi, 1817, 158006322, 0022, 0388, 10419, 161235, 00220388, 1715943, 1795, masani, zareer, bodley, head, 1847922717, macaulauy, britains, liberal, imperialist, jha, hetukar, june, 137, 144192665, 1177, 037698361103800106, 119, decay, village, decline, bihar, bengal, sociological, yingyi, models, initiatives, zhang, publishing, 1350082770, challenging, 0415273094, ladousa, chaise, berghahn, ground, sky, contemporary, forester, aberystwyth, 1944, stoyle, mark, 48154341, 0859896870, exeter, britons, identities, 1988, tabb, house, glasney, whetter, 1941, jonathan, 286, 282, tudor, portrait, rowse, francis, boutle, 1903427019, looking, mermaid, reader, 900, tim, saunders, kent, princeofwales, speech, hrh, mor, uoc, euromosaic, arnove, graff, 1987, 306, 42458, media, campaigns, comparative, withers, 1990, 329, 9781317332800, 327, transformation, http, ucc, celt, e900007, 001, html, ulst, csc, vale, mcnicholls, cambrian, news, phase, focus, johnes, 9781837721818, anglicisation, 243, 0046, 760x, 00467600210122603, 227, quarterly, origins, ragged, 1847, seaborne, malcolm, gee, son, 9780707402222, 1500, architectural, greaves, richard, clement, mary, nonconformist, divine, philanthropist, franca, frankensteinia, integration, globalisation1, 1111, 00555, 250, curle, samantha, pun, jack, jiangshan, 4448, s0261444817000350, systematic, culturaldiplomacy, histling, lecture, wide, qub, archive, postcolonialism, become, scholastic, changed, component, final, evaluation, entry, exclusive, desirable, sciences, technology, decisions, funds, starkest, consequences, poorest, disadvantage, peripheral, discussed, diminish, offering, benefits, gaokao, point, weak, say, priority, argue, patriotic, try, best, educate, own, discusses, dealing, edexcel, argued, dominance, influences, race, ethnicity, affected, worldview, creates, stereotypes, linked, concepts, broader, represent, resistance, accommodation, promotion, nationalistic, mode, communication, namely, proposals, offered, raising, awareness, domination, parallels, philosophy, kokusaika, nihonjinron, explored, major, textbooks, depict, problem, notions, idealised, think, injustices, disharmony, assume, ownership, thinking, underdeveloped, logic, analytical, underlined, reinforces, inferiority, westerners, takehiko, nakata, wildin, controversial, whether, introducing, could, certain, downgrade, might, elitist, coming, side, able, perform, performing, sufficient, simplification, reduced, inadequate, risk, develop, registers, express, specific, condition, chance, qualified, instructional, above, absence, sociolinguistic, environment, meaningful, range, possibilities, paying, moving, considering, written, extensively, sees, perpetuating, stereotype, having, style, superior, something, successful, westernization, reason, interest, income, places, enrollment, decreasing, enroll, enhancing, employability, providing, key, motivating, factor, indispensable, intercultural, unfair, advantage, hand, reach, fulfill, territory, thanks, boosted, produced, suggests, longer, rather, traded, defenders, centralised, indicators, reward, percentage, hegemonic, position, field, decade, bologna, refers, exacerbation, provoked, particular, categorised, cmi, scholarly, exchange, establishes, platform, communicate, campuses, shanghai, wenzhou, kean, 1000, partnerships, terminated, jiaotong, liverpool, nottingham, ningbo, considerable, largely, wachter, just, risen, numbers, accurate, exponential, highest, netherlands, 078, below, average, globe, pushing, body, explores, beliefs, gains, shared, specialized, criticized, accessibility, despite, rampant, improving, still, investigated, few, volumes, propose, innovative, ways, addressing, exploiting, strong, points, anglicize, populations, hamilton, marys, dsg, potchefstroom, girls, boer, transvaal, soon, sensitive, dozen, 1827, presence, rankled, devout, irrelevant, afrikaner, resisted, home, earliest, seventeenth, dutch, reformed, elders, committed, biblical, confirmation, itinerant, meesters, math, mission, proliferated, 1799, members, missionary, arrived, nine, broken, vocational, russian, syllabus, grades, auca, iau, uca, minds, young, generation, receiving, abroad, job, opportunities, travel, purposes, getting, osce, academy, bishkek, alatoo, teaches, michael, moore, interviews, citizens, taking, invade, ljubljana, controversy, sparked, senate, phds, examined, delivered, judgment, complete, exclusion, clashes, principle, primacy, enshrined, explained, cannot, marginalizing, therefore, balance, constitutional, polytechnic, milan, hold, promote, exchanges, strengthening, vehicular, others, approach, graduation, except, fourth, recognised, diploma, liceo, linguistico, concerning, myp, regions, concluding, lower, cases, sub, includes, old, equivalent, called, scuole, paritarie, strengthen, competences, refer, combining, strict, conquest, consensual, accomplished, deployment, strategy, cultivate, intelligencia, stratum, divorced, roots, plebeian, service, ideological, apparatus, supremacy, americanization, mediated, sanctioned, prestige, aspiration, america, won, 1898, 1901, quotes, filipino, comment, san, juan, philippine, presences, privately, divided, religious, exception, arabic, thus, reserved, mushrooming, fall, exams, arranged, dhaka, revised, either, cabinet, resolution, requiring, publicly, highlighted, structural, generated, practical, raised, severe, trained, case, demonstrating, shaped, considerations, political, objectives, justifying, rpf, genocide, recently, basis, onwards, mathematics, computer, selected, economics, geography, graduated, caretaker, shujaat, ali, beg, city, beyond, minimum, accreditation, staff, cie, ibo, typically, differentiated, primarily, serve, needs, expatriate, significant, overlap, sides, organisation, examinations, former, missionaries, implementation, 1967, stipulated, conversion, completely, left, graduates, unemployed, depend, criticism, governments, feeling, impacts, younger, generations, standing, neglected, mastering, begun, request, approval, autonomy, return, gained, ministers, universal, attributed, 2022, quarter, data, collected, showed, 274, million, anil, gupta, claimed, rising, capitalising, aspirations, wanting, economically, desire, argument, management, ahmedabad, planning, principal, originates, decreed, replacement, anticipated, revitalised, determined, accepted, granted, positions, relatively, prestigious, farsi, william, bentinck, 1813, 1549, erupted, devon, services, rebels, cornyshe

Text of the page (random words):
s neglected the importance of mastering the universal language of english 42 by 2016 sarawak had begun to support the re establishment of english medium schools 43 and a request for the approval of more english medium schools in the state from the federal government using its autonomy in education 44 the move was followed by sabah in 2017 when a minister from the state also urged the return of english medium schools 45 which gained support from other ministers 46 47 indonesia edit english medium schools in indonesia consist of international schools and national plus schools 48 a national plus school in indonesia is a school that offers education beyond the minimum requirements of the national indonesian accreditation authorities national plus schools offer some subjects taught in english and may provide some native english speakers on staff or may offer international curricula such as from cambridge international examinations cie or the international baccalaureate organisation ibo national plus schools can typically be differentiated from international schools by their core market international schools tend to primarily exist to serve the needs of expatriate students and national plus schools for indonesian students however there is significant overlap on both sides 49 pakistan edit the government of pakistan has recently when announced the introduction of english lessons on a phased basis to all schools across the country this new policy states that english language has been made compulsory from class 1 onwards and the introduction of english as medium of instruction for science mathematics computer science and other selected subjects like economics and geography in all schools in a graduated manner 50 caretaker minister for education mr shujaat ali beg declared 25 january 2008 that 18 colleges of the city of karachi would be made model english medium colleges 51 rwanda edit rwandan schools began using english as a medium of instruction following the rwandan genocide and the rise to power of the rpf in 1996 rwandan language policy was revised to include english as an official language and schools became free to use either english or french as a medium of instruction 52 in november 2008 the rwandan cabinet passed a resolution requiring all publicly funded schools to switch to english medium instruction by early 2009 research on rwanda s rapid adoption of english medium instruction has highlighted the pedagogical problems and structural inequalities generated by such reforms 53 practical problems were raised by the decision including that there was a severe lack of trained english teachers 54 rwanda has been used as a case study demonstrating how english medium reforms may be shaped less by pedagogical considerations than by political and economic objectives including justifying free market economic reforms and establishing cultural hegemony 55 bangladesh edit in bangladesh the system of education is divided into three different branches students are free to choose any one of them provided that they have the means these branches are the english medium the bengali medium and the religious branch in the english medium system courses are all taught in english using english books with the exception for bengali and arabic english medium schools are mainly private and thus traditionally were reserved for the upper and upper middle class however huge demand in urban areas has resulted in large number of english medium schools mushrooming this has caused a fall in quality o and a level exams are arranged through the british council in dhaka 56 myanmar edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed september 2026 learn how and when to remove this message in myanmar the education system is based on the british colonial model due to nearly a century of british and christian presences nearly all schools are government operated and also there has been a recent increase in privately funded english language schools the philippines edit the united states of america won the philippine american war 1898 1901 and declared the philippines a us colony us imperial rule followed mac síomóin quotes the filipino scholar e san juan who made the following comment regarding the use made by the us administration of the english language to rule his country its conquest of hegemony or consensual rule was literally accomplished through the deployment of english as the official medium of business schooling and government this pedagogical strategy was designed to cultivate an intelligencia a middle stratum divorced from its roots in the plebeian masses who would service the ideological apparatus of anglo saxon supremacy americanization was mediated through english sanctioned as the language of prestige and aspiration 57 english is used for instruction at all universities in the philippines italy edit see also education in italy in italy education is provided in italian and by law 58 it is mandatory until the age of 16 however there are some english medium schools which follow the international baccalaureate organization program which is recognized by italian ministry of education its principles refer to the idea of an international and global education combining pedagogical principles with strict standards in italian high schools since 2010 59 some subjects can be taught in a language different from italian according to the concept of content and language integrated learning clil in order to strengthen the students linguistic competences primary schools edit although the national education system is held in italian by law 60 it s possible for children to attend international private schools which are considered equivalent in their status they are called scuole paritarie that use english as the only language for education english medium primary schools in italy follow the international baccalaureate organization program which has a sub section dedicated to children primary years program which includes children from 3 to 12 years old secondary schools edit secondary education is made up of lower secondary schools from 12 to 14 and upper secondary schools from 14 to 19 in both cases children have the possibility to attend entirely english taught schools concerning middle schools some of them offer the ib middle years programme myp which is addressed to students aged 11 to 16 the majority of these schools are located in regions of northern and northern central italy 61 concluding this course of studies italian children come to the end of compulsory education since 2010 the content and language integrated learning clil approach has been applied in all high schools through the teaching of a non linguistic subject in a foreign language l2 including english this methodology has been implemented in graduation year except for liceo linguistico where it has been introduced in the third year and fourth year with a second language 62 students aged 16 19 can choose to attend the ib diploma programme dp which is recognised by some universities this two year curriculum is mostly provided by schools in northern and northern central italy it is more widely available than the middle years programme 61 higher education edit italian universities mainly provide courses taught in italian but in recent years there has been an increase in the number of english taught programmes especially in master s degrees 63 according to law 64 it is possible for universities to hold classes in a language different from italian particularly english in order to promote cultural exchanges and student mobility as well as strengthening the cooperation with foreign universities nowadays there are some bachelor s and master s degrees that exclusively use english as their vehicular language while some others are held only partially in english 65 in 2012 a controversy sparked between the university senate of the polytechnic university of milan and some of its professors regarding the decision to use english as the sole language of all the master s degrees and the phds 66 the italian constitutional court examined the matter and delivered the judgment n 42 2017 67 which states that the complete exclusion of italian from these courses clashes with the principle of primacy of the italian language enshrined in the constitution furthermore the court explained that the internationalization of the universities cannot be achieved by marginalizing the italian language therefore there must be a balance between the offers provided by the university in the two languages slovenia edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed september 2026 learn how and when to remove this message the university of ljubljana teaches at least 100 courses in english in where to invade next michael moore interviews several american citizens studying at the university who were taking courses taught in english kyrgyzstan edit education in the kyrgyz republic is compulsory for nine years between the ages of 7 and 16 this is broken up into four years of primary five years of high school and two additional years of high school or vocational school the majority of instruction is in kyrgyz but the language of instruction in mostly higher institutions is russian the ministry of education and science of the kyrgyz republic introduced the english language into the syllabus as an additional language for grades 3 11 in educational institutions 68 according to the ministry of education of kyrgyzstan the main purpose of teaching english is to teach the basic level of foreign language as under market conditions knowledge of english is necessary a number of private schools and universities are involved in english medium education in some private universities in kyrgyzstan such as american university of central asia auca international alatoo university iau university of central asia uca osce academy in bishkek students are taught exclusively in english 69 english language viewed in the minds of the young generation of kyrgyz republic with the possibility of receiving education abroad job opportunities travel purposes and getting information from english language sources 69 south africa edit colonial education edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed september 2026 learn how and when to remove this message the earliest european schools in south africa were established in the cape colony in the late seventeenth century by dutch reformed church elders committed to biblical instruction which was necessary for church confirmation in rural areas itinerant teachers meesters taught basic literacy and math skills british mission schools proliferated after 1799 when the first members of the london missionary society arrived in the cape colony 8 language soon became a sensitive issue in education at least two dozen english language schools operated in rural areas of the cape colony by 1827 but their presence rankled among devout afrikaners who considered the english language and curriculum irrelevant to rural life and afrikaner values throughout the nineteenth century afrikaners resisted government policies aimed at the spread of the english language and british values and many educated their children at home or in the churches milner schools edit in order to anglicize the transvaal area during the anglo boer war lord milner set out to influence british education in the area for the english speaking populations he founded a series of schools known as the milner schools in south africa these schools consist of modern day pretoria high school for girls pretoria boys high school potchefstroom high school for boys hamilton primary school and st marys dsg english medium instruction emi edit since the beginning of the twentieth century there has been a sharp increase in the number of universities across the globe that offer english taught programmes etps that is degree courses which are taught through the medium of english 4 dead link though these universities are located in countries where english is not an official language this phenomenon generally known as english medium instruction is seen as part of the internationalization process that many universities are pushing there is a growing body of research literature on this phenomenon 5 which explores issues such as the development of emi in different countries 70 reasons for the spread of emi 71 lecturers and students beliefs about emi 72 learning gains in terms of english proficiency and the effect on learning academic subjects through english it is now also recognized that teaching emi is not the same as teaching in the shared mother tongue and some specialized guides and handbooks are now available for teachers 73 the spread of emi has also been criticized and contested in many countries and in the research literature 74 it has led to concerns about the quality of education its impact on student learning 75 accessibility to education and its impact on linguistic diversity and social justice 76 despite its rampant spread emi s effect on improving student proficiency of english is still an under investigated phenomenon in research literature 5 although a few handbooks and research volumes are available that propose innovative ways of addressing the problems of emi and exploiting its strong points 77 emi in europe edit in europe there has been a sharp increase in the number of etps in the 21st century according to wachter and maiworm s study 78 there were just 725 english taught programs in 2001 2 389 in 2007 and in their 2014 study the number had risen to 8 089 although there may be some problems with the study and the numbers may not be entirely accurate there has been an exponential increase in the last 20 years the country with the highest number of etps is the netherlands 1 078 in 2014 78 dead link though the growth 39 3 has been below the european average although there has been a considerable growth in the number of etps largely at master s level it is a minority of students less than 2 that are actually enrolled in etps 78 dead link emi in asia edit china edit main article education in china mainland china edit see also english language education in china a number of universities are involved in english medium education through the international scholarly exchange curriculum program isec program the isec program establishes a platform for those universities to communicate with other international institutions who use english medium education other universities that offer english medium education china foreign cooperative universities also known as branch campuses include the university of nottingham ningbo china united international college...