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it links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia term used by historians to describe various 17th century episodes in english history this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources english revolution news newspapers books scholar jstor february 2023 learn how and when to remove this message william iii by jan wyck commemorating the landing at brixham torbay 5 november 1688 part of a series on revolution by characteristic bourgeois colour communist counter revolutionary democratic nonviolent passive permanent proletarian from above wave social methods boycott civil disorder civil war class struggle contentious politics coup d état demonstration human chain direct action guerrilla warfare insurgency mass mobilization mutiny protest rebellion resistance nonviolent civil disobedience riot samizdat strike action tax resistance terror examples english american brabant liège french haitian spanish american serbian greek 1820s 1830 july belgian texas 1848 italian states february german hungarian eureka bulgarian unification philippine iranian first second young turk mexican chinese xinhai communist cultural 1917 1923 russian german siamese spanish august guatemalan indonesian hungarian 1956 cuban rwandan nicaraguan carnation saur people power 1989 yogurt velvet romanian singing bolivarian bulldozer rose orange tulip kyrgyz arab spring tunisian egyptian yemeni euromaidan second arab spring sudanese gen z in asia bangladeshi nepali malagasy politics portal v t e the english revolution is a term that has been used to describe two separate events in english history prior to the 20th century it was generally applied to the 1688 glorious revolution when james ii was deposed and a constitutional monarchy established under william iii and mary ii 1 however marxist historians began using it for the period covering the 1639 1653 wars of the three kingdoms and the interregnum that followed the execution of charles i in 1649 before the 1660 stuart restoration had returned charles ii to the throne 2 writing in 1892 friedrich engels described this period as the great rebellion and the glorious revolution of 1688 as comparatively puny although he claimed that both were part of the same revolutionary movement 3 although charles ii was retroactively declared to have been the legal and rightful monarch since the death of his father in 1649 4 5 which resulted in a return to the status quo in many areas a number of gains made under the commonwealth remained in law 6 7 whig theory edit main article whiggism tensions regarding the english monarchy began well before the revolution of 1688 when charles i was executed in 1649 by the english parliament england entered into a republic or commonwealth that lasted until charles ii was reestablished as king of england in 1660 the intermittent civil wars that lasted between 1649 and 1688 were a constitutional struggle originating from the unresolved contradictions fostered by the reformation 8 debates amongst england s post reformation state and the constitutional basis for civil involvement in ecclesiastical and governmental issues continually converged together 8 during the revolution of 1688 king james ii was replaced by the monarchs william iii and mary ii and a constitutional monarchy was established that was described by whig historians as the english revolution 1 9 that interpretation suggests that the english revolution was the final act in the long process of reform and consolidation by parliament to achieve a balanced constitutional monarchy in britain with laws made that pointed towards freedom 10 marxist theory edit further information english civil war françois guizot karl marx the marxist view of the english revolution suggests that the events of 1640 to 1660 in britain were a bourgeois revolution 11 in which the final section of english feudalism the state was destroyed by a bourgeois class and its supporters and replaced with a state and society which reflected the wider establishment of agrarian and later industrial capitalism such an analysis sees the english revolution as pivotal in the transition from feudalism to capitalism and from a feudal state to a capitalist state in britain 12 13 the phrase english revolution was first used by marx in the short text england s 17th century revolution a response to a pamphlet on the glorious revolution of 1688 by françois guizot 14 oliver cromwell and the english civil war are also referred to multiple times in the work the eighteenth brumaire of louis bonaparte but the event is not directly referred to by the name 15 by 1892 engels was using the term the great rebellion for the conflict and while still recognising it as part of the same revolutionary event dismissed the glorious revolution of 1688 as comparatively puny 3 according to the marxist historian christopher hill the civil war was a class war in which the despotism of charles i was defended by the reactionary forces of the established church and conservative landlords and on the other side stood the trading and industrial classes in town and countryside the yeomen and progressive gentry and wider masses of the population whenever they were able by free discussion to understand what the struggle was really about 16 later developments of the marxist view moved on from the theory of bourgeois revolution to suggest that the english revolution anticipated the french revolution and later revolutions in the field of popular administrative and economic gains citation needed along with the expansion of parliamentary power the english revolution broke down many of the old power relations in both rural and urban english society citation needed the guild democracy movement of the period won its greatest successes among london s transport workers most notably the thames watermen who democratized their company in 1641 1643 citation needed with the outbreak of civil war in 1642 rural communities began to seize timber and other resources on the estates of royalists catholics the royal family and the church hierarchy some communities improved their conditions of tenure on such estates citation needed the old status quo began a retrenchment after the end of the main civil war in 1646 and more especially after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 but some gains endured in the long term the democratic element introduced in the watermen s company in 1642 for example survived with vicissitudes until 1827 6 7 illustration from the 1649 title page of the declaration and standard of the levellers of england by william everard the marxist view also developed a concept of a revolution within the revolution pursued by hill brian manning and others which placed a greater deal of emphasis on the radical movements of the period such as the agitator levellers mutineers in the new model army and the diggers who attempted to go further than parliament in the aftermath of the civil war there were we may oversimplify two revolutions in mid seventeenth century england the one which succeeded established the sacred rights of property abolition of feudal tenures no arbitrary taxation gave political power to the propertied sovereignty of parliament and common law abolition of prerogative courts and removed all impediments to the triumph of the ideology of the men of property the protestant ethic there was however another revolution that never happened though from time to time it threatened this might have established communal property a far wider democracy in political and legal institutions might have disestablished the state church and rejected the protestant ethic 17 brian manning claimed the old ruling class came back with new ideas and new outlooks which were attuned to economic growth and expansion and facilitated in the long run the development of a fully capitalist economy it would all have been very different if charles i had not been obliged to summon that parliament to meet at westminster on november 3rd 1640 18 criticism edit the idea while popular among marxist historians has been criticised by many historians of more liberal schools 19 and of revisionist schools 20 the notion that the events of 1640 to 1660 constitute an english revolution has been criticized by historians such as austin woolrych who pointed out that painstaking research in the county after county in local record offices and family archives has revealed that the changes in the ownership of the real estate and hence in the composition of the governing class were nothing like as great as used to be thought 21 woolrych argues that the notion that the period constitutes an english revolution not only ignores the lack of significant social change contained within the period but also ignores the long term trends of the early modern period which extend beyond this narrow time frame neither karl marx nor friedrich engels ever ignored the further development of the bourgeois state beyond that point however as is clear from their writings on the industrial revolution 22 non primary source needed other uses edit the term english revolution is also used by non marxists in the victorian period to refer to 1642 such as the critic and writer matthew arnold in the function of criticism at the present time this is what distinguishes it the french revolution from the english revolution of charles the first s time 23 references edit 1 2 trevelyan 1938 p trotsky leon 1920 4 terrorism terrorism and communism via marxists internet archive in the seventeenth century england carried out two revolutions the first which brought forth great social upheavals and wars brought amongst other things the execution of king charles i while the second ended happily with the accession of a new dynasty the reason for this difference in estimates was explained by the french historian augustin thierry in the first english revolution in the great rebellion the active force was the people while in the second it was almost silent but the great event in modern bourgeois history is nonetheless not the glorious revolution but the great rebellion 1 2 engels friedrich 1892 1892 english edition introduction socialism utopian and scientific via marxists internet archive house of commons 1802a harris tim 2005 restoration charles ii and his kingdoms 1660 1685 london allen lane p 47 isbn 0 7139 9191 7 1 2 o riordan christopher 1992 self determination and the london transport workers in the century of revolution archived from the original on 26 october 2009 1 2 o riordan christopher 1993 popular exploitation of enemy estates in the english revolution history 78 253 184 200 doi 10 1111 j 1468 229x 1993 tb01577 x archived from the original on 26 october 2009 1 2 neufeld matthew 2015 from peacemaking to peacebuilding the multiple endings of england s long civil wars the american historical review 120 5 1709 1723 doi 10 1093 ahr 120 5 1709 jstor 43697072 yerby george 2020 introduction recovering the economic context of history the economic causes of the english civil war freedom of trade and the english revolution routledge pp 2 3 isbn 978 0 429 32555 7 richardson r c 1988 1977 3 the eighteenth century the political uses of history the debate on the english revolution issues in historiography 2nd ed routledge pp 36 55 isbn 0 415 01167 1 eisenstein 2010 p 64 quoted in davidson neil 2012 from society to politics from event to process how revolutionary were the bourgeois revolutions chicago haymarket books pp 381 382 isbn 978 1 60846 067 0 callinicos alex summer 1989 bourgeois revolutions and historical materialism international socialism 2 43 113 171 via marxists internet archive davidson neil may 2012 bourgeois revolution and the us civil war international socialist review no 83 center for economic research and social change marx karl engels friedrich 1850 england s 17th century revolution a review of francois guizot s 1850 pamphlet pourquoi la revolution d angleterre a t elle reussi neue rheinische zeitung politisch ökonomische revue via marxists internet archive marx karl index the eighteenth brumaire of louis bonaparte via marxists internet archive hill christopher 2002 1940 the english revolution 1640 via marxists internet archive hill christopher 1991 the world turned upside down radical ideas in the english revolution new ed penguin manning brian 1984 what was the english revolution history today 34 great rebellion english revolution or war of religion uk parliament archived from the original on 13 june 2021 stone lawrence 2017 1972 foreword by clare jackson the causes of the english revolution 1529 1642 routledge classics ed routledge pp xiv xv isbn 978 1 315 18492 0 woolrych austin 2002 britain in revolution 1625 1660 oxford oxford university press p 794 marx karl engels friedrich marx and engels on the industrial revolution primitive accumulation and the condition of the working class marxists internet archive arnold matthew the function of criticism at the present time pdf blackmask sources edit eisenstein hester 2010 feminism seduced how global elites use women s labor and ideas to exploit the world routledge isbn 9781594516603 house of commons journal volume 8 8 may 1660 journal of the house of commons volume 8 1660 1667 london his majesty s stationery office 16 18 1802a trevelyan george m 1938 the english revolution 1688 1689 1965 ed oxford university press isbn 978 7240010488 cite book isbn date incompatibility help retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title english_revolution oldid 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