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ve to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia cell that produces gastrointestinal hormones enteroendocrine cell actions of the major digestive hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells details system endocrine system location gastrointestinal tract identifiers latin endocrinocyti gastroenteropancreatici mesh d019858 th h3 04 02 0 00024 h3 08 01 0 00003 fma 62930 anatomical terms of microanatomy edit on wikidata enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function they produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic effect diffuse them as local messengers or transmit them to the enteric nervous system to activate nervous responses 1 2 enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the most numerous endocrine cells of the body 3 4 5 they constitute an enteric endocrine system as a subset of the endocrine system just as the enteric nervous system is a subset of the nervous system 6 in a sense they are known to act as chemoreceptors initiating digestive actions and detecting harmful substances and initiating protective responses 7 8 enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach in the intestine and in the pancreas microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses in these enteroendocrine cells via their fermentation product short chain fatty acid acetate 9 intestinal enteroendocrine cells edit intestinal enteroendocrine cells are not clustered together but spread as single cells throughout the intestinal tract 7 hormones secreted include somatostatin motilin cholecystokinin neurotensin vasoactive intestinal peptide and enteroglucagon 10 the enteroendocrine cells sense the metabolites from intestinal commensal microbiota and in turn coordinate antibacterial mechanical and metabolic branches of the host intestinal innate immune response to the commensal microbiota 11 k cell edit k cells secrete gastric inhibitory peptide gip an incretin which also promotes triglyceride storage 12 k cells are mostly found in the duodenum 13 l cell edit also called neuropod cell l cells secrete glucagon like peptide 1 glp 1 an incretin peptide yy 3 36 oxyntomodulin and glucagon like peptide 2 l cells are primarily found in the ileum and large intestine colon but some are also found in the duodenum and jejunum 14 i cell edit i cell redirects here for inclusion cells see i cell i cells secrete cholecystokinin cck and have the highest mucosal density in the duodenum with a decreasing amount throughout the small intestine 15 they modulate bile secretion exocrine pancreas secretion and satiety 16 g cell edit main article g cell stomach enteroendocrine cells known as g cells release gastrin and stimulate gastric acid secretion 17 enterochromaffin cell edit enterochromaffin cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells with a close similarity to adrenomedullary chromaffin cells secreting serotonin 18 enterochromaffin like cell edit enterochromaffin like cells or ecl cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell secreting histamine n cell edit located in an increasing manner throughout the small intestine with the highest levels found in the in ileum 19 n cells release neurotensin and control smooth muscle contraction 20 s cell edit main article s cell s cells secrete secretin mostly from the duodenum but also in decreasing amounts throughout the rest of the small intestine 21 and stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion 16 d cell edit main article delta cell also called delta cells d cells secrete somatostatin mo cell or m cell edit found in crypts of the small intestine especially in the duodenum and jejunum different from the microfold cells m cells that are in peyer s patches secrete motilin 22 23 gastric enteroendocrine cells edit gastric enteroendocrine cells are found in the gastric glands mostly at their base the g cells secrete gastrin post ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve can release gastrin releasing peptide during parasympathetic stimulation to stimulate secretion enterochromaffin like cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells also known for their similarity to chromaffin cells secreting histamine which stimulates g cells to secrete gastrin other hormones produced include cholecystokinin somatostatin vasoactive intestinal peptide substance p alpha and gamma endorphin 10 24 pancreatic enteroendocrine cells edit pancreatic enteroendocrine cells are located in the islets of langerhans and produce most importantly the hormones insulin and glucagon the autonomous nervous system strongly regulates their secretion with parasympathetic stimulation stimulating insulin secretion and inhibiting glucagon secretion and sympathetic stimulation having opposite effect 25 other hormones produced include somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide amylin and ghrelin clinical significance edit rare and slow growing carcinoid and non carcinoid tumors develop from these cells when a tumor arises it has the capacity to secrete large volumes of hormones 2 26 history edit the very discovery of hormones occurred during studies of how the digestive system regulates its activities as explained at secretin discovery other organisms edit in rats rattus rattus the free fatty acid receptor 2 gpr43 is expressed both by this cell type and by mast cells of the mucosa 27 see also edit apud cells neuroendocrine tumors list of human cell types derived from the germ layers references edit rehfeld jf october 1998 the new biology of gastrointestinal hormones physiological reviews 78 4 1087 108 doi 10 1152 physrev 1998 78 4 1087 pmid 9790570 archived from the original on 2017 06 08 retrieved 2013 03 01 1 2 solcia e capella c buffa r usellini l fiocca r frigerio b tenti p sessa f 1981 the diffuse endocrine paracrine system of the gut in health and disease ultrastructural features scandinavian journal of gastroenterology supplement 70 25 36 pmid 6118945 ahlman h 2001 the gut as the largest endocrine organ in the body annals of oncology 12 suppl 2 suppl 2 s63 8 doi 10 1093 annonc 12 suppl_2 s63 pmid 11762354 schonhoff se giel moloney m leiter ab june 2004 minireview development and differentiation of gut endocrine cells endocrinology 145 6 2639 44 doi 10 1210 en 2004 0051 pmid 15044355 archived from the original on 2013 05 02 retrieved 2013 03 01 moran gw leslie fc levison se worthington j mclaughlin jt july 2008 enteroendocrine cells neglected players in gastrointestinal disorders therapeutic advances in gastroenterology 1 1 51 60 doi 10 1177 1756283x08093943 pmc 3002486 pmid 21180514 wallace hayes a 2007 principles and methods of toxicology 5th revised ed crc press p 1547 isbn 978 1 4200 0542 4 1 2 sternini c anselmi l rozengurt e february 2008 enteroendocrine cells a site of taste in gastrointestinal chemosensing current opinion in endocrinology diabetes and obesity 15 1 73 8 doi 10 1097 med 0b013e3282f43a73 pmc 2943060 pmid 18185066 sternini c february 2007 taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract iv functional implications of bitter taste receptors in gastrointestinal chemosensing american journal of physiology gastrointestinal and liver physiology 292 2 g457 61 doi 10 1152 ajpgi 00411 2006 pmid 17095755 jugder be kamareddine l watnick pi august 2021 microbiota derived acetate activates intestinal innate immunity via the tip60 histone acetyltransferase complex immunity 54 8 1683 1697 e3 doi 10 1016 j immuni 2021 05 017 issn 1074 7613 pmc 8363570 pmid 34107298 1 2 krause wj yamada j cutts jh june 1985 quantitative distribution of enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the adult opossum didelphis virginiana journal of anatomy 140 4 591 605 pmc 1165084 pmid 4077699 watnick pi jugder be february 2020 microbial control of intestinal homeostasis via enteroendocrine cell innate immune signaling trends microbiol 28 2 141 149 doi 10 1016 j tim 2019 09 005 issn 0966 842x pmc 6980660 pmid 31699645 parker he habib am rogers gj gribble fm reimann f february 2009 nutrient dependent secretion of glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide from primary murine k cells diabetologia 52 2 289 298 doi 10 1007 s00125 008 1202 x pmc 4308617 pmid 19082577 gutierrez aguilar ruth woods stephen c february 2011 nutrition and l and k enteroendocrine cells current opinion in endocrinology diabetes obesity 18 1 35 41 doi 10 1097 med 0b013e32834190b5 pmc 3884637 pmid 21124210 drucker dj nauck ma november 2006 the incretin system glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes pdf lancet 368 9548 1696 705 doi 10 1016 s0140 6736 06 69705 5 pmid 17098089 s2cid 25748028 archived from the original pdf on 2014 12 31 retrieved 2014 12 31 gilliam vigh hannah jorsal tina rehfeld jens f pedersen jens poulsen steen s vilsbøll tina knop filip k 2021 expression of cholecystokinin and its receptors in the intestinal tract of type 2 diabetes patients and healthy controls the journal of clinical endocrinology metabolism 106 8 2164 2170 doi 10 1210 clinem dgab367 pmid 34036343 s2cid 235203208 retrieved 2023 09 20 1 2 brubaker pl july 2012 a beautiful cell or two or three endocrinology 153 7 2945 8 doi 10 1210 en 2012 1549 pmid 22730282 friis hansen l sundler f li y gillespie pj saunders tl greenson jk owyang c rehfeld jf samuelson lc march 1998 impaired gastric acid secretion in gastrin deficient mice the american journal of physiology 274 3 pt 1 g561 8 doi 10 1152 ajpgi 1998 274 3 g561 pmid 9530158 ormsbee hs fondacaro jd march 1985 action of serotonin on the gastrointestinal tract proceedings of the society for experimental biology and medicine 178 3 333 8 doi 10 3181 00379727 178 42016 pmid 3919396 s2cid 34829257 gilliam vigh hannah jorsal tina nielsen sophie w forman julie l pedersen jens poulsen steen s vilsbøll tina knop filip k 2023 expression of neurotensin and its receptors along the intestinal tract in type 2 diabetes patients and healthy controls the journal of clinical endocrinology metabolism 108 9 2211 2216 doi 10 1210 clinem dgad146 pmid 36916883 s2cid 257506286 retrieved 2023 09 20 kitabgi p freychet p august 1978 effects of neurotensin on isolated intestinal smooth muscles european journal of pharmacology 50 4 349 57 doi 10 1016 0014 2999 78 90140 1 pmid 699961 gilliam vigh hannah jorsal tina nielsen sophie w forman julie l pedersen jens poulsen steen s vilsbøll tina knop filip k 2023 expression of secretin and its receptor along the intestinal tract in type 2 diabetes patients and healthy controls the journal of clinical endocrinology metabolism doi 10 1210 clinem dgad372 pmid 37335970 s2cid 259202375 retrieved 2023 09 20 daniel ee 1990 12 11 neuropeptide function in the gastrointestinal tract crc press isbn 978 0 8493 6158 6 goswami c shimada y yoshimura m mondal a oda s tanaka t sakai t sakata i 2015 06 26 motilin stimulates gastric acid secretion in coordination with ghrelin in suncus murinus plos one 10 6 e0131554 bibcode 2015ploso 1031554g doi 10 1371 journal pone 0131554 pmc 4482737 pmid 26115342 zverkov iv vinogradov va smagin vg october 1983 endorphin containing cells in the gastric antral mucosa in duodenal ulcer biulleten eksperimental noi biologii i meditsiny 96 10 32 4 pmid 6194833 kiba t august 2004 relationships between the autonomic nervous system and the pancreas including regulation of regeneration and apoptosis recent developments pancreas 29 2 e51 8 doi 10 1097 00006676 200408000 00019 pmid 15257115 s2cid 15849806 warner rr may 2005 enteroendocrine tumors other than carcinoid a review of clinically significant advances gastroenterology 128 6 1668 84 doi 10 1053 j gastro 2005 03 078 pmid 15887158 camilleri m october 2012 peripheral mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome n engl j med 367 17 1626 35 doi 10 1056 nejmra1207068 issn 0028 4793 pmid 23094724 external links edit histology image 11604loa histology learning system at boston university endocrine system duodenum enteroendocrine cells v t e physiology of the gastrointestinal system gi tract upper exocrine chief cells pepsinogen parietal cells gastric acid intrinsic factor foveolar cells hco 3 mucus processes swallowing vomiting gastric emptying fluids saliva gastric acid gastric acid secretion gastrin g cells histamine ecl cells somatostatin d cells lower endocrine paracrine bile and pancreatic secretion enterogastrone cholecystokinin i cells secretin s cells glucose homeostasis incretins gip k cells glp 1 l cells endocrine cell types enteroendocrine cells enterochromaffin cell apud cell exocrine cell types goblet cells fluids intestinal juice processes segmentation contractions migrating motor complex borborygmus defecation enteric nervous system submucous plexus myenteric plexus either both processes peristalsis interstitial cell of cajal basal electrical rhythm gastrocolic reflex digestion enterocyte accessory fluids bile pancreatic juice processes enterohepatic circulation abdominopelvic peritoneal fluid v t e anatomy of the endocrine system pituitary gland anterior pars intermedia pars tuberalis pars distalis acidophil cell somatotropic cell prolactin cell somatomammotrophic cell basophil cell corticotropic cell gonadotropic cell thyrotropic cell chromophobe cell posterior pars nervosa median eminence stalk pituicyte herring bodies thyroid follicular cell parafollicular cell parathyroid gland chief cell oxyphil cell adrenal gland cortex zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis medulla chromaffin cell gonads testicle leydig cell sertoli cell ovary theca interna granulosa cell corpus luteum islets of pancreas alpha cell beta cell pp cell delta cell epsilon cell pineal gland pinealocyte corpora arenacea other enteroendocrine cell paraganglia organ of zuckerkandl placenta development list of human endocrine organs and actions retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title enteroendocrine_cell oldid 1373030098 categories endocrine system animal cells stomach secretory cells hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata cs1 long volume value this page was last edited on 3 september 2026 at 16 42 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents 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